1	A prescribed finite set of well defined rules or processes for the solutions of a problem in a finite number of steps.   Explained in simple English, it is the mathematical formula for an operation, such as computing the check digits on packets of data that travel via packet switched networks.
2	Artificial Intelligence is a field of science that has several goals. The first, often called "weak" AI, is the effort to design and implement computer systems that can perform tasks requiring intelligence when performed by humans. AI in computer games, knowledge based systems and such are typical examples of this branch.The second, less tangible branch, often called "strong" AI, is the research that ultimatly aims to build artificial systems that display real intelligence. It does this by trying to understand or model the nature of human intelligence.Both branches are multidisciplinary, in that they have close relations with the fields of computer science, philosophy, medicine, psychology, biology and linguistics.“facility”Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence is an area for discussion on the combined disciples of the Philosophy of Mind with the scientific research, not restricted to Computer Science, into modeling, and replicating, human cognitive states in computing machinery.This category will focus on sites with resources, papers, discussions, and links are of interest.
3	This category is for artificial life information, simulations, discussions and related sub topics like art and games.
4	Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) have been around since the early 1980s in one form or another.  Typically a 'gathering area' for people with similar interests, they have adapted, grown, and survived as times changed.   BBS systems, while not as popular as they once were, have begun seeing a new dawning in recent times.   They usually have a large variety of Spam free topical message areas. Online Gaming. Most have new and daily updated shareware files.  Most have moved to the Internet and offer web based interaction. No need to utilize the old ANSI login style. Although Ansi logins are still widely available. With over 15,000 traditional BBS's remaining in the United States alone they are a pleasant alternative to the normal web based browsing.
5	Computer Aided Design Computer software and (sometimes) hardware used to design things. A CAD system might be as simple as a computerized drafting tool or as complex as a parametric mechanical constraint system, a routing and layout software for integrated electronic circuits, or an architectural program that knows about the physical and spatial properties of constructive elements in a building.
6	Sites offering active discussion spanning a wide variety of computer-related topics. Sites that are focused about 75% or more on a particular topic should be listed under that topic (or its Chats_and_Forums subcat) instead of here.
7	This category provides a list of categories for navigational purposes to facilitate finding companies offering various computer services.
8	Manufacturers and Developers: updates, service packs, on-line technical support.
9	Computer science is the scientific discipline which aims to develop and advance knowledge related to computers and computation.
12	Departments in North America.
11	A computer consultant is any person, presumably an expert, upon whom other people rely for information and advice about computer-related products and/or services.  However, most self-styled computer consultants simply provide general information and advice in conjunction with the portfolio of computer-related products and services which they sell.     With the exception of those computer consultants who specialize in a particular type of hardware, software, or system, the easiest way to distinguish between computers consultants is by geographical location.  Accordingly, most computer consultants will be found listed under an appropriate Computers: Consultants: Regional subcategory; if no geographical location or area of special expertise can be determined, computer consultants will be found listed under Computers: Consultants: General and Freelance.  However, some computer consultants will be listed under the main category of Computers: Consultants because they have a special service that does not fit into one of the various subcategories.  This is a judgment call made by the ODP editors who for some reason believe that these listings deserve to be highlighted in the main category.     If you are submitting a URL to this directory, please keep in mind that all submissions must be reviewed by volunteer editors of the Open Directory Project (ODP).  Thus, multiple submissions of the same site to inappropriate categories will not improve your chances for being listed in this directory and may result in your site being blacklisted from ODP.  This may also happen if you submit your site to a number of directories which use ODP data, but forward new submissions to ODP.  Please take a moment to review the ODP Editorial Guidelines, and carefully choose the ODP categories to which you submit your site.
13	Open Directory - Computers:Computer Science:Computer Graphics   home |feedbackTop: Computers: Computer_Science: Computer_GraphicsThis category is for the scientific study of computer graphics, covering the theory of such techniques of sampling and rendering, and the design and analysis of algorithms used in computer graphics.Non-scientific sites dealing with computer graphics should go in the appropriate subcategory of Computers: Graphicsmore information (editors only)No Category description.Open Directory Computers: GraphicsOpen Directory Science: Math: Geometry   Copyright © 1998-2000 Netscape
14	The transfer of data between points. This includes all manual and machine operations necessary for this transfer. In short, the movement of encoded information by means of  transmission systems.
15	Computer Science conferences held in 1996.
19	Cable Modems offer a very high speed connection to the Internet, up to 10 MB's per second also known as a "broadband network bridge," and is not technically a modem.
20	DSL is a high speed data transmission technology quickly adopted by local telephone companies to provide high speed Internet access using the current copper infrastructure.
17	Conferences, meetings, seminars and workshops on the theory of databases.
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16	A set of specifications that defines the way different types of data should be stored in computer systems for use by applications or the end user.           This category is mainly for technical specifications of data formats.  Although it tries to also be helpful and help you find relevant software for and examples of these data formats.
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25	This category is specifically reserved for sites pertaining to the digital creation and production of visual communications on desktop computer systems. Desktop publishing is normally considered to be a "closed-system" approach to producing printed or online publications, using a turn-key process that allows one to produce a graphic product, from concept to production, on a single computer system. In many cases, this form of graphic and textual content creation is achieved in a small scale environment, perhaps using computer components and peripherals that would fit on a single desktop, hence the name. (A simple system may consist of a desktop computer, laser printer, and scanner, for example.) The desktop publishing process may require several knowledge areas, including word processing, writing and editing, typography, page layout, design principles and elements, image editing, digital imaging, and printing. Related to the graphic design and visual communications disciplines, desktop publishing product examples include videos, websites, logos, letterhead, magazines, newsletters, flyers, brochures and more.
26	Animation is a simulation of motion created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. It is different from video in that independent images are put together to form the illusion of continuous motion. Video takes continuous motion and breaks it up into a set of frames. This category deals with the use of computers in generating various forms of animation.
10	A computer is an electronic device that accepts and processes information mathematically or logically according to programmed instructions. The results of this processing is displayed visually, printed on paper, played audibly, kept in electronic form for transfer to other computers, or used to control some other device or process.     Modern computers have become a universal tool, used in most occupations. The Internet itself, including the ODP, this Internet directory, is written on computers, stored on computers, presented by computers, and usually viewed on computers. By that standard every ODP listed site could be listed under this category. But instead, this category contains listings of sites primarily about the use of Computers other than for a purpose fitting one of the other Open Directory top level categories. Sites about artistic use of computers belong in Arts, about scientific use of computers in Science, etc.      The ODP Computers category contains sites that are about:           computers in themselves in general, such as Computer History or Ethics or Computer Science/";      specific individual parts and areas of all or most computers, such as Hardware or Software, not primarily used for or by a single ODP top level category field;      the use of computers for purposes spanning multiple ODP top level category fields, such as Graphics, when the graphics could be scientific or artistic or business oriented, or for     databases or the Internet in general, which store or carry all sorts of information, for whatever purpose;      fields that are only conceptually possible through the use of computer concepts, such as Artificial Intelligence or Artificial Life.              It is important not to confuse the topic with the tool or medium. Sites devoted to a subject that happens to use computers as tools or a medium should still be listed under the subject. For example, sites devoted to music, even in electronic formats, have a home in Arts/Music/. However, the tools and formats for audio reproduction may also be used for speeches or lectures that are not Arts related, so sites devoted to these generic computer audio tools, data formats, theories, and algorithms that may be used for several purposes should be listed in the appropriate Computers subcategory.
27	Business or Consulting service that offers commercial products or services in distributed computing.
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23	Visit www.apple.com for the latest news, the hottest products, and technical support resources from Apple Computer, Inc.
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32	This category contains sites for groups that facilitate the growth and development of Computer Science.
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33	Sites with information about electronic books, including e-book guides, news reports on e-book business and technology, and pages about electronic book readers. Also includes gateways to the related ODP categories for e-book titles, stores, and publishers.Electronic books are a communications medium, just like regular books, or CD-ROMS, are communications mediums. Types of electronic books include: electronic texts, or e-texts; and electronic reading devices.
36	This category is for sites that give information about academic departments, academic research groups, or any other type of academic unit (not industry, not commercial) that is actively involved in working with artificial intelligence.  For the title of your site, please submit Name of Parent Institution first, then name of Group.  Example: Mississippi State University - AI Laboratory.  Please list the topics covered on the site, without going into detail.
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30	Ethernet is used mostly in local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) using CSMA/CD access method and is the most popular cabling technology. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems were called 10BASE-T, which provided transmission speeds of up to 10 Mbps.
37	This category is a "white pages" for computer science researchers.  Any person who has made a significant contribution to the field is eligible to be listed. (By this definition, anyone with a Ph.D. certainly qualifies by default.)  Such submissions are encouraged!   A candidates' web page should have complete information about their work, including links to their publications.  The description for each person listed should give their institution (if any) and then a list of keywords describing their research interests.     This category may eventually contain a huge number of researchers in many diverse areas, so the keywords should be very specific.
39	This category is for computer companies that have products (usually with a significant hardware component) that are solely related to data warehousing.  This would include data warehouse appliance companies as well as specialty storage vendors. If a company has database or database related software, you should consider submitting under Computers/Software/Databases.  If the software is primarily related to data warehousing, you should consider submitting it under Computers/Software/Databases/Data_Warehousing.  Thank you!
38	Custom-build and order computers using the Dell online store. Design desktop computers, laptops, and servers, choosing desired peripherals and software. Online service and support.
41	All aspects of learning and teaching about and with computers including tutorials and teaching software.
40	This category is for links to specification, papers, source code, and tutorial about graphics data formats.  Graphics data formats are a representation of visual information -- stuff that you can see.
43	This category lists together all the sites of departments offering formal Computer Science education in India. Academic Departments of various Colleges, Institutes and Universities are grouped together here.
45	Scientific publications of all forms related to Computer Science.   Notes:In spite of their name, technical report archives include usually conference or journal papers (they are usually FTP sites of research institutions).   The number of items indexed by an engine is constantly increasing. However it gives an order of magnitude useful to compare indexes (most of the figures were gathered at end 2000).   In bibliographic indexes, if search for on-line documents only is not allowed by the search form, try http and ftp as keywords.   Usually, indexes are run by scientists as part of their research, and the indexing engines are sometime made available, for instance ResearchIndex and Ncstrl.   
44	Frame relay is an extremely efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information such as voice, data, local area network (LAN), and wide area network (WAN) traffic quickly and cost-efficiently to many destinations from one port.
42	Intelligent Agents and Multi Agent Systems are relatively new, but fast-growing fields of research in Artificial Intelligence. Agents are essentially independently functioning (sub)programs. Intelligent agents are autonomous and often have the capability to learn. Agents can be employed to a variety of tasks, such as information retrieval, process monitoring and negotiating tasks. You can also find additional agent resources in the Computers : Programming : Agents category.
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52	Sites that install data equipment, computer, LAN, WAN, fire etc. Low voltage wiring for residential and business. If your company also Installs Telephone Equipment or wires for telephone equipment, please submit your site to Telephone Vendors.
54	Animation is a simulation of motion created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. It is different from video in that independent images are put together to form the illusion of continuous motion. Video takes continuous motion and breaks it up into a set of frames. This category deals with the use of computers in generating various forms of animation.
53	Link collections, general resource sites, and searchable databases serving the CAD industry, not specialized to any specific software package.
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46	Emulation is the process of simulating the hardware of one computer (particularly the processor) via software on a different one. In other words, it allows you to use software meant for another system that you may not have access to by running a program on your system. For instance, an emulator will let you use an arcade machine that no longer exist or use a game console that can no longer be purchased.     Note that this category is different from Games: Video Games: Emulation because the focus here is on the emulation of personal computer systems and Operating Systems running on these.é and Pentagon 128.
49	As a reference of examples of ethical codes regarding computers, this category contains established codes of computer ethics currently or formerly in use by companies, organizations, or professional guilds.
47	A render farm is a computer cluster to render computer generated imagery (CGI), typically for film and television visual effects. The rendering of images is a highly parallelizable activity, as each frame can be calculated independently of the others, with the main communication between processors being the upload of the initial source material, such as models and textures, and the download of the finished images.As a rule of thumb, CG images take roughly an hour per frame to render. The amount of time it takes to render an image has remained roughly constant over two decades, in spite of huge improvements in computer processing power. The reason for this is that advances in computer power are absorbed by increased computation in order to meet demands to achieve state-of-the-art image quality, while the hour-per-frame figure arises from the demands of production timescales.To manage large farms, one must introduce a queue manager that will facilitate automatic distribution of processes to the many processors. The software is typically a client-server package that facilitates communication between the processors and the queue manager, although some queues have no central manager. Some common features of a queue managers are: re-prioritization of the queue, management of software licenses, and algorithms to best optimize throughput based on various types of hardware in the farm.The use of render farms in the entertainment industry can be viewed as one early application of grid computing.Source: Wikipedia
48	Gateway owners will find a variety of service and support resources on the company's Web site, www.gateway.com, including lists of frequently asked questions, customer support newsletters and a Gateway-specific public newsgroup.
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60	Help with computers running the Macintosh operating system. Deals with operating system, hardware, and application issues.
65	Theoretical Computer Science is the mathematical foundation of computing in all its forms. By being the foundation, it is also the starting point for new and more efficient methodologies of computation.
70	Academic departments of Computer Science in Estonia.êThis category contains the websites of academic departments whichspecialise in computer science.
72	Reports, newsletters, and publications that focus on multiple areas of data communications such as Cable, DSL, Ethernet, Frame Relay, Modems, and Telephony.
68	This area is for anything related to computer hardware including technical support sites, product reviews, and home built/kit hardware and just about anything else you can think of related to the physical world of computers.
67	The software development life cycle includes the following:  Project Planning Requirements Definition Systems Design Code Implementation Code Integration Testing Deployment Maintenance   Software development companies are primarily engaged in the business of providing one or more of the above services along with training and support.
62	The sites contained within are cable modem distributors that may or may not manufacture, but mainly distribute cable modem hardware devices for home and businesses customers.
75	A directory is a guide         for sites that provide an indexing of sites or categorized links,         sometimes with a brief description, including additional information         or a list of resources. Directories sometimes allow users to submit         URLs.         Please submit only Web Sites that provide a list of sites or         categorized links for Web Graphics.
66	Hacking is about gaining more knowledge through the use of computers.This category contains links to sites about hacking, cracking, anarchy, credit card fraud and the like. It also lists information about exploits and the hacker culture.It does not list links to sites that are offering passwords, or anything else which is illegal in the U.S.
71	Bayesian networks are used to show and calculate the effects of pieces of knowledge on each other. They are strongly related to expert systems, but use probability theory to calculate those effects and can therefore easily deal with problems like uncertainty and missing data.
73	This category focuses on the products and services available to facilitate the ongoing support and maintenance of the Oracle database. These may include services both from Oracle Corporation as well as services from a variety of third party vendors.
74	Conferences and similar meetings for study and research into Algorithms.
77	Ethernet distributors are companies that may or may not manufacturer Ethernet products and accessories, but mainly sell their products to businesses and home users.  Examples of Ethernet products and accessories are network cables, premise wiring, ethernet electronics, switches, routers, hubs, specialized network equipment, wireless devices, and any networking hardware or software.  Please only submit a site if your company falls into one of these categories.  We reserve the right to deny a listing if it does not fit into this category.
76	Overview of Hitachi's websites, and services.
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78	Clipart is the term used when defining digitized or electronic drawings.   Common formats that are used are PICT, Paint, GIF, TIFF, EPS, and JPEG. Clipart can be copied and added to desktop publishing programs, brochures, newsletters, and other documents created with programs or used in web presentation.
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85	A cable modem manufacturer designs and manufactures cable modem products and accessories to business and home (personal) customers.
83	This category is for links on the history of computer programming languages only, not for general, tutorial, or reference information.
84	Computer hardware retailers organized alphabetically with some additional special categories. Submission Guidelines - The Open Directory Project editors are committed to building the most useful Directory on the Internet. We want to help your promotion efforts by listing your site in a timely manner. We want your website to be found easily. By choosing the most appropriate category, you assist us in both these efforts.Please be sure to review the FAQ for more information.
82	Non-Vendor Organizations that are predominately focussed on issues surrounding Data Communications - from the physical layer through to the application layer.
86	Sites containing classified lists of HCI resources.
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88	The field of Home Automation is expanding rapidly as electronic technologies converge. The home network encompasses communications, entertainment, security, convenience and information systems.This category holds sites of broad scope on the topic.
87	Regular seminars in Artificial Intelligence or related areas. The links on these pages tend to be more local interest than the links in the main conferences and events category, which tend to be one-off, or a short series, and be of more global interest.
90	The Gigabit Ethernet is a new IEEE standard 802.3z for 1000 Mbps Ethernet; and it is compatible with existing 10/100 Ethernet standards.
79	Parallel computing is the science and art of programming computers that can do more than one operation at once, concurrently, during the same cycle, often via having more than one processor. Some parallel computers are just regular workstations that have more than one processor in them; others are giant single computers with many processors (these are generally referred to as supercomputers); and others are networks of individual computers. A network of computers configured to coordinate on computing problems is also called a cluster. Parallel computers can run some types of programs far faster than traditional single processor computers, often termed the von Neumann architecture.Programs that work on a single-processor computer don't automatically work on a parallel computer. Programmers must explicitly specify how to divide up the computing work between all available nodes. Information about writing programs especially for parallel computers is in Parallel_Computing/Programming.  Many people have written libraries to help programmers write programs for parallel computers.Parallel computing is a very similar field to distributed computing. Both types of computing involve breaking apart a problem into many pieces and assigning each part to a computer, but the nodes of a distributed computer normally not communicate with each other while performing their computations, because they may be great distances apart. Sites related to distributed computing are in Computers/Computer_Science/Distributed_Computing. Information about supercomputers is located in Computers/Supercomputing.
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92	Customer support for IBM products and technologies including links to a variety of sites offering advice and information.
91	FidoNet is an amateur electronic mail network with several decades of thousand of mail nodes world wide. Before Internet access became commonplace, FidoNet probably ranked up there alongside some of the better known commercial on-line services in terms of the number of people who used it. Now, of course, it is adapting to the new technologies and many FidoNet systems are also web servers, news servers, and generally accessible over the Internet in one way or another.   FidoNet nodes are often personal computers in somebody's basement; the system operator (sysop) may be a young child or a retired grandfather. Some nodes are networks consisting of dozens of PCs or larger systems, and some are run by governments, fire departments, or large corporations to support the needs of their constituents or customers. A few are actually money making ventures.
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94	Departments in North America.
97	Computer Science conferences held in 1996.
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98	The sites listed in this category provide broadband Internet service, and in many cases provide cable television.  Please submit only retail sites offering broadband Internet connections for home or business. This category is for English Language sites only.  Sites in other languages should be submitted to the most appropriate category in http://dmoz.org/world
100	Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) covers a wide range of topics such as human characteristics, activities and behavior, the design of objects, relevant to the implementation of interactive computer systems and aimed to optimization of the relationship between technology and human.
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95	Web graphics are computer display images or animated motion pictures that can be displayed on Web sites. They can incorporate animated GIFs, banners, bars, backgrounds, interfaces, page elements, and clip art.    Browsers usually support only a few graphic formats like GIF, JPG, and PNG. If you try to use WMF or EPS formats most people won't be able to view your graphics, because browsers can't display these formats without installing other software like a plugin.
99	Any complete collection of hardware, firmware, and peripherals, designed to work together. In the PC world a computer system comprises at least the following: a system unit that houses hardware and floppy disk drives, memory, the motherboard and any required expansion boards: a keyboard, a mouse and a monitor. Other hardware devices may also be present, such as a printer, modem or backup tape driveAlthough the operating system and even application software can be thought of as parts of a complete computer system this category focuses on the HARDWARE components only. The Computers/Systems category covers hardware and software systems.
102	Tutorials, White Papers, Glossaries, and On-line Instruction in various aspects of data communications.
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106	Conferences and workshops on automating creativity
111	Companies providing technical support for computer equipment from multiple vendors.
112	Specialist research groups in Algorithms.
103	This category lists together all the sites of departments offering formal Computer Science education in India. Academic Departments of various Colleges, Institutes and Universities are grouped together here.
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113	The Hotline protocol is an application-layer Internet protocol  that allows for community-based chatting, instant messaging, file sharing, and threaded textual submissions.
107	An Ethernet manufacturer is a company or organization that  manufacture Ethernet, Ethernet accessories, and Ethernet related products for sale to businesses customers as well as home consumers.
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116	Sample applications that assist developers in learning the development of .NET applications. These sample applications typically come with source code.
117	Academic departments in Oceania including those in Australia and New Zealand.
109	Computer programming is the art of writing software, instructions for computers to follow. At the base level, as understood by the computer, these instructions are written in machine code, or binary, pure numbers, quite difficult for humans to read and write. At a slightly higher level, these codes correspond to assembly language, short mnemonics for individual computer operations, that still correspond one to one with what the machine actually does. This is still unstructured, terse, and difficult to read or write in. Most programming is done in higher level, compiled languages, or even interpretedthat look like a cross between English and Algebra, and allow various abstractions depending on the language, such as encapsulation, function calls, data hiding, and more, to enable people reading and writing programs to deal with the vast quantity of information that the computer actually handles. Respectively, a compiler program translates these languages to machine code to be executed directly, or a separate interpreter program itself takes these statements and executes them as an intermediary.
114	Emulator of the ABC80 computer from Philips.
118	Agent Technologies include Agent programming languages, communication languages, knowledge sharing languages, toolkits and development platforms etc.
110	This is not a category in which to be included. If you have a site which has to do with the internet, please look below this category for the appropriate one.      Submission Guidelines - The Open Directory Project editors are committed to building the most useful Directory on the Internet. We want to help your promotion efforts by listing your site in a timely manner. We want your website to be found easily. By choosing the most appropriate category, you assist us in both these efforts.       Sites which are incomplete, having Under Construction notices, or which contain broken graphics or links have a poor chance of being listed. Please wait to submit your web site until it is complete. Please double-check the URL, and, if possible, include an e-mail address so we may contact you if we have questions.éA cybercafe (also referred to as Internet Cafe) is a place offering computers for rent with the ability to check email, surf the Internet, make connections with others via chat, upload digital photos, play games, utilize word processing and other software products. Many cafes also offer other business services and refreshments.Establishments with the primary purpose of interactive gaming should be sent to Computers/Internet/Cybercafes/GamingAll other general purpose cybercafes should be submitted to the appropriate regional sub-category.Businesses which are primarily a restaurant, that happens to also offer a couple of internet terminals should be sent to the appropriate Regional locality.
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119	Computer Science conference held in 1997.
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122	A weblog directory contains a list of links to other weblogs. A directory shouldn't have a rigid set of requirements in order to be included in the list. They usually do not provide original content besides the links. Topical directories should be sent to relevant topical categories. This should be for very general directories only.
123	Video Cards are devices that display graphics and text on a monitor. They require special software called drivers to communicate with the operating system kernel.  Different video cards differ in the ammount of colors they can display (color depth), the amount of dots (pixels) per line, and the amount of lines per screen (pixels per line x lines per screen is referred to as resolution).  At any given resolution and color depth, there is a speed at which each vertical and horizontal screen can be drawn called refresh rate or frequency (measured in Hertz [Hz]).  Along with your video cards limitation to certain resolutions and refresh rates, your monitor must be compatible to display at the same setting. Video cards use onboard RAM (Random Access Memory) to store the image before drawing it to the screen (buffering).  The more RAM available, the larger the image (resolution) and the more colors available. PC video cards are available for the ISA, PCI, and AGP interface.  Macintosh video cards are generally available for the PCI and AGP interface. Certain video cards are called accelerators in that their drivers are optimized to take special requests from the operating system and process them in much less time than a normal request would take.  Examples are windows accelerators which draw windows components quickly, 3D accelerators which render and display polygons at tremendous speeds.
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124	A private network that uses Internet software and Internet standards. In essence, an Intranet is a private Internet reserved for use by people who have been given the authority and passwords necessary to use that network. For Intranet software (such as ready-built HTTP servers)look in the Software subcategory.For Consultants and Business building Intranets, look in the 'Consultants and developers' subcategory.Important noticeSubmissions are no longer being accepted directly into Computers:Intranet. Please find a more relevant subcategory for your submission.
126	Software for CAD drafting without 3d modelling capabilities.
133	Customer support for Intel products and technologies.
125	(Computer telephony adds computer intelligence to the making, receiving, and mangaging of telephone calls.)Companies and Products featuring Internet Telephony, New Age Telcos and the like.
132	Research groups in the theory of databases.
136	Listings of Dial up and Internet based BBS systems. You can find a system in your area or check out a system in another part of the world.
129	Data Communication software is software that allows a user to interchange information between two or more entities. Software can as complex as a network traffic analyzer and as simple as a ping/traceroute program. Data Communication Software is a broad description that contains software of different types running on different applications using different architectures.
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134	Academic departments of computer science in Indonesia.
131	This category is on artificial intelligence projects that use Internet sites to gather large amounts of data from motivated members of the public.
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137	Open Directory - Computers:Data Communications:Ethernet:Optical Ethernet   home |helpTop: Computers: Data_Communications: Ethernet: Optical_EthernetOnly sites that distribute, manufacture, or are informative about Optical Ethernet will be accepted for submission. Please limit all site descriptions to 2-3 sentences.  Editor reserves right to edit site title and descriptions for submission into category.No category description found   Copyright © 1998-2004 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
143	Information on commercial applications of Software Agents.
142	The Acorn Archimedes was the first RISC-based computer meant for use in the home. It was first released in the UK in 1987, and it used an operating system called ARTHUR (allegedly standing for "A Risc-based operating system by THURsday"). This was quickly junked in favour of RISC OS 2, which was a superior operating system. The current version of RISC OS is version 4, and it runs on the Risc PC.
140	Academic departments of Computer Science located in South America.
147	Reseachers in algorithms and related areas.
144	Software engineering is a broadly defined discipline involving the development, architecture or 'engineering' of software systems. It integrates the many aspects of programming, from requirement gathering, initial planning, writing and maintaining code, meeting budgets, all to produce affordable, quality software.
148	Computer Science conferences, events, meetings and workshops taking place in 1998.
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150	A collection of computer hardware and operating systems components designed to work together. Often referred to as a "platform". Examples of common Computer Systems include the Intel PC, Macintosh, NeXT, Sun workstation, IBM AS/300, and HP 9000.é, Pentagon 128, Scorpion and so on.Computers designed by Sir Clive such as the Z88 also falls under this category.
154	Sites which offer ways to search the Internet for information, or describe or discuss ways to search it.
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151	A small binary object or program that performs a specific function and is designed in such a way to easily operate with other components and applications.  Submit sites that have to do with memory, motherboards, video and sound cards, microprocessors, ASICs and Chips, BIOS plus fans and cooling devices. The main category should be sites that sell a variety of all the components.
161	This category contains links to distributed computing research groups.
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158	Notebook, handheld or wearable computing devices that are water-resistant or waterproof and capable of surviving drops of at least 48 in. (122cm) onto a hard surface.
165	A category for resources related to Visual Basic.
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159	Web Design and Development guides users to subcategories which contain all resources and services having to do with designing, developing, maintaining, and promoting web sites.
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163	The BBS Utilities Category is were you will find utilities that support any of the major BBS packages listed in the preceding category.
152	The Computers/Software category is described more thoroughly in the category FAQ.In order to handle the large number of sites that are added to the Software category every day, the editors of this category ask that you please choose an appropriate subcategory for your link.  If you do not feel that any of the existing categories are appropriate, please feel free to contact an editor.Please do not submit a link more than once.  If your link does not appear in a few days, please be patient.  A link does not usually belong in more than one category, or a few at most.  Submissions to numerous inappropriate categories will be considered spam, and will cause the link to be deleted from the directory.Please note that the Software category receives many submissions that are more appropriate to other categories.  If you or your organization develop Web sites as your primary service, you should submit your link to a subcategory of Computers/Internet/Commercial_Services             Thank you,     The ODP Computers/Software Team     This category is intended for the graphic software programs    and utilities associated with the creation and manipulation of    digital graphics.    Two techniques are used for creating and maintaining pictures    in a computer. The first method called "vector graphics,"    which maintains the image as a series of points, lines, arcs    and other geometric shapes.    The second method called "bitmapped graphics" and    also known as "raster graphics," they resemble a television,    where the picture image is made up of dots. Understanding these    two techniques and how they interweave is crucial.    Thank you.
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167	This category is for very general sites covering the topic of multimedia.Multimedia is the combination of multiple forms of digital media such as text, images, sound, animation and video. It often includes interactivity and can be delivered on CD, DVD, hard drive or through the Internet
173	Classified lists of resources relating to Agent-Based Systems.
166	Local, regional, national, and international hacking and computer-security related conventions.Hacking conventions are much much more than a bunch of high school cyber punks hacking away all night. These events have a type of community atmosphere among hackers. Some people can talk in chat rooms for years before meeting each other face to face. These conventions are prime opportunities to meet those people. The knowledge you can learn at these type of events is endless.
174	Business or Consulting service that offers commercial products or services in distributed computing.
172	This category, with its subcategories, are for all aspects of Graphics Programming.      Graphics Programming is the topic that has anything to do with programming pertaining to visual data.  (Whether that visual data is displayed (on a monitor or some other device) is irrelevant.)  In other words, a result of Graphics Programming is stuff that could be seen (but doesn't have to be).
176	Professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom and an experts in machine intelligence, Kevin Warwick is best known for his electronic implants.
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175	Sites about emulating the Amiga computer and operating system on other computers.
182	The Directories category offers non-commercial resource listings for Web Authoring content. All sites are catagorized directories of Authoring and Webmaster Resource LINKS. Sites with original content OTHER than strictly links are listed in other Authoring categories: Beginner's Guides, Webmaster Resources, Tutorials, News or Magazines.If your web site maintains a listing or directory of Authoring Resources on the web, please submit your entry to this category.
180	Covering all the computer systems from Apple, including Apple II, Lisa and Macintosh.
183	This category encompasses all software which is directly involved in or closely related to the production electronic data for the design and production of buildings and surrounds.It covers the creation of concepts through to the production of working documentation.It encompasse the creation of "Virtual Buildings" down to the production of 2D working drawings.
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186	RPM information and repositories.The sites listed here contain either information on the RPM package format, or repositories of RPM packages.
190	Computer science related departments at Colleges and Universities in the United States. All links are to pure "Department of Computer Science at XYZ College" unless otherwise noted.
187	Products, services, and companies related to the integration of computers and telephone systems.  Sometimes also called Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) or, more narowly, voice over IP (VoIP).
188	A peripheral is any computer device that is not part of the essential computer (the processor, memory, and data paths) but is situated relatively close by. A near synonym is input/output (I/O) device.    Some peripherals are mounted in the same case with the main part of the computer as are the hard drive, CD-ROM drive, and network interface cards.    Other peripherals are outside the computer case, such as the printer and image scanner, attached by a wired or wireless connection.
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195	This category is for sites related to gaining computer certification. It provides resources for those taking; or thinking of taking these exams.
193	Exchange Server is Microsoft's Groupware platform.
197	These are sites and companies that primarily offer web site hosting services.                Companies that primarily offer web design and development services are listed under Designers under the appropriate letter.
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194	Packard Bell Home Page. Support, tips and much more.
189	Academic Research Groups in Theoretical Computer Science.
207	Conferences, tutorials, workshops, and other events on intelligent agents.
206	This category is for resources and tutorials related to programming. It should contain How To's and tips, or general training resources, on languages such as C/C++ , Java , Visual Basic , or Delphi.
205	This category is for distributed computing projects.  A distributed computing project is a coordinated attack on a particular computational problem, normally open to public participation through the Internet.  The organization that wants to solve the problem writes software that divides up the problem into little pieces, then other people download the software and let it run on their computers when they're not doing anything else.  A well-known example is SETI@Home, a search through radio signals looking for alien intelligence.
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209	Cracking is the act of breaking the registration, nag screen, time limits and various other aspects of a piece of software. It is a specialized field which may take several months or even years to master.   Supposedly, the act of 'cracking' is a challenge to the cracker rather than an effort to pirate software, and generally benefits the software industry by pushing new development and technologies.
214	Academic departments of Computer Science in Estonia.
211	Conferences, symposia, workshops, and other meetings that address theory or engineering of distributed computing and produce published (on-line or paper) proceedings.
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215	A listing of Organizations in the Computer field that are divided into the categories of what the organizations provide.
210	This category is for software and utilities used to customize a computer desktop. Which comprises of; Screen Savers, Icons, Wallpapers, Desktop Themes, Cursors, Screen Mates and Skins for ICQ, Sonique, Winamp and Yahoo Messenger.The main category holds only sites that have multiple Desktop Enhancements and "does not" accept submissions from Authors or Developers.
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203	This category is for information about Open Source -- the movement, the philosophy, the people, and of course, to some extent, the products. (Probably most of the actual software packages will be in Computers/Software somewhere, but there should be cross links where appropriate.)Official definition of open source - Web sites and Newswires that provide   open source news which is in some way unique. Sites that just display a collection of news feeds from other sites and don't offer any unique content of their own will not be included.
218	A category for the Macintosh platform.
216	Emulators for Amstrad computers : CPC 464/664/6128 and 464+/6128+, GX4000, PCW 8256/8512/9256/9512/9512 and NC 100/150/200
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222	ArchiCAD related sites
224	The study of algorithmic complexity.  A topic of particular interest is the relationship between polynomial-time (P) and non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP), the latter consisting of algorithms for which there is a P solution given the right initial guess (often called witness or certificate).
223	A list of research groups that do one of the following:  * produce and/or maintain one or more computational    algebra packages  * develop and/or implement algorithms of relevance to    computer algebra
226	This category is for links to specification, papers, source code, and tutorial about audio data formats.  Audio data formats are a representation of auditory information -- stuff that you can hear.
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219	Open Directory - Computers:Internet:Web Design and Development:Hosting:Directories  about dmoz |helpTop: Computers: Internet: Web_Design_and_Development: Hosting: DirectoriesPlease only submit sites which offer directories of hosting companies. Hosting companies should be submitted to the proper letter under Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Hosting/, not here.No category description foundOpen Directory Home: Consumer Information: Computers and Internet: Internet: Web Hosting   Copyright © 1998-2006 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
202	A collection of data structured and organized in a disciplined fashion so that access is possible quickly to information of interest.Æ can perform several tasks at once, such as importing data, generating reports, and printing labels. Each task can have its own window and is independently and automatically managed by a separate process. Using interprocess communication, actions in one window can automatically update data in another.   Benefit from Platform Independence - 4th Dimension is a platform independent database. You can run a 4D database on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh platforms without modification. Because both the Windows and Macintosh versions of 4D are based on the same source code, new features, updates, and other modifications will be available simultaneously.   Automate Database Tasks - 4D contains its own procedural language that allows users to add unlimited functionality to their applications. Users can open windows, run reports, check user entries, and control the interface using over 550 built-in commands. One command in 4D's efficient language can replace hundreds of lines of programming required by other databases.   Compile Code - A 4D application can be compiled into true, machine language with 4D Compiler. Compiled 4D code can run up to 1,000 times faster and provides increased security, ideal for vertical market applications. 4D Compiler allows 4D developers and users to create double-clickable, excecutable and client/server applications.   Features -     Data:    255 tables open simultaneously with unlimited relations, selections, and sets    Alpha, Text, Real, Long Integer, Integer, Date, Time, Boolean, Picture (BLOBs), and Subfile    128 gigabyte data file capacity    Includes data recovery tools    Relations:    One-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relations    Enter data, search, sort, and report across relations without programming    Automatic referential integrity controls    Searching and Sorting:    Multi-criteria relational searching; criteria can be saved and loaded    Four built-in search interfaces including Search by Formula and Search by    Layout (Example)    Relational searching and sorting on both indexed and non-indexed fields    Interface:    Graphic layout editor with complete control over shapes, colors, fonts, andstyles    Standard Windows and Macintosh interface objects: buttons, radio buttons,check boxes, thermometers, and more    Extensive drill-down Explorer allowing easy navigation to all 4D objects    Form Wizards instantly generate a variety of forms enabling imediate access to your data    Advance Form Wizards automate creation and reuse of sophisticated form templates    New debugger quickly and efficiently isolates and fixes source code errors    Language:    If, Case, For, While, and Repeat structures; local, global, and inter-process variables; one and two dimensional arrays; pointers; parameter passing; functions; object, layout, file, and global procedures    Extend 4D's language with your own routines in Pascal, C, etc.    Graphical Procedure editor with automatic indentation, colored keywords, search and replace, and interactive symbolic debugger    Requirements    Windows    486 or Pentium-based machine with a hard drive and one of the following software configurations: Windows 95 with at least 16 MB RAM; Windows NT Workstation or Server with at least 24 MB RAM;     Macintosh    68020 or higher, or Power PC processor with a hard drive and the following software configuration: System 7.0 or greater with 16 MB RAM. 4th Dimension is accelerated for Power Macintosh.
230	This subcat is for software used to develop new neural network models, and not for commercial purposes.
233	A listing of books covering the Component Object Model (COM) technology.Only web sites provided by book publishers or book authors may be listed here. For places to buy books, please refer to the Shopping: Books category.
231	List all conference activities related to Particle swarm
235	Companies that offer a full range of multimedia services.
234	Sites related to Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer.
240	Repositories of data used to test/validate machine learning algorithms.
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239	A directory of internet sites that helps people on the internet to communicate and interact with each other. These sites feature services such as message forums, chat rooms, email and other messaging services. They may also feature online games and other ways for user to interact. These sites offer the users a hub for a specific subject and have information and other resources there.          Subject-specific communities should be listed with the subject category. For shortcuts to some of these, see By_Topic.
236	Websites for companies who provide services to the IT education industry are listed here.
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242	Information resources for computers, PCs, notebook, laptop and handheld portable devices from Sharp Electronics.â„¢ PCs combine great hardware features with incredible Sony multimedia software tools. Discover for yourself why the VAIO concept represents Video Audio Integrated Operation and the important role Sony PCs play in fostering the continuing convergence of audio, video, computers and communications.
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246	Parallel processors are computers that can do more than one operation at once, concurrently, during the same cycle. Some have more than one processor; others have one processor that handles large amounts of data with each cycle. Parallel computers can run some types of programs far faster than traditional single processor computers, often termed the von Neumann architecture.
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245	This category contains sites related to parallel programming.  This includes parallel compilers, message-passing libraries, parallel programming tools, and documentation.
250	Cryptography is the art of creating and using cryptosystems. Cryptosystems are methods of rendering messages such that only a select group of people may read them in the original form. This category contains sites related to cryptography, as well as cryptanalysis (the art of breaking cryptosystems).
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217	Open Directory - Computers:Algorithms:Compression   home |helpTop: Computers: Algorithms: Compression This category is only for sites discussing the compression algorithms themselves. Companies offering compression software or hardware should be submitted to the appropriate subcategory of Computers/Software/Data_Compression or Computers/Hardware.   Personal pages of compression researchers should be submitted to Computers/Algorithms/Compression/Researchers.   Sites about or belonging to a compression-related research group or relating to a compression conference should be submitted to Computers/Algorithms/Compression/Research_Groups or Computers/Algorithms/Compression/Conferences. No category description foundOpen Directory Computers: Multimedia: MPEGOpen Directory Computers: Data Formats: Graphics: 2D: JPEGOpen Directory Computers: Software: Data CompressionOpen Directory Computers: Multimedia: Music and Audio: Audio FormatsOpen Directory Science: Math: Numerical Analysis: WaveletsOpen Directory Science: Math: Applications: Communication Theory: Coding TheoryOpen Directory Science: Technology: Electrical Engineering: Image Processing: Data Coding and Compression   Copyright © 1998-2004 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
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247	An electrical connection which allows two or more wires or lines to be connected together. Typically, all circuit cards receive the same information that is put on the Bus. Only the card the informations is "addressed" to will use that data. This is convenient so that a circuit card may be plugged in "anywhere on the Bus."    All computers and most telephone systems use buses of some type. Computer buses are typically open. Telephone system buses are typically closed.
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253	"Standardized" and/or openly accepted infrastructures for creating and deploying distributed applications.
252	A two-dimensional image coding specification using compression techniques.
256	Bibliographies gather citations in a specific topic, sometimes with some links to on-line documents.
254	This category is for developers of software or software/hardware solutions for Unified Messaging(UM)."Unified Messaging is the integration of several different communications media, such that users will be able to retrieve and send voice, fax, and e-mail messages from a single interface, whether it be a wireline phone, wireless phone, PC, or Internet-enabled PC."
264	Category that covers emulation of all computer systems from Apple, including Apple II, Lisa and Macintosh.
257	Digital Equipment Corporation Computer related sites.
260	Fonts are sets of typographic characters, tipically used to write documents on word processors. Well known examples are the Arial or Times New Roman fonts bundled with the Windows operating systems.There are various formats for storing font data; the most common is Adobe Truetype. Font files usually store either a bitmap image of each character of the alphabet in various sizes or a vectorial drawing of the the characters, which allows you to scale them to any size without losing resolution.
261	Internet pages designed to be a single entry point for individuals within a common organization or having specific interests.  Portals normally include links to the most important information sources, along with commonly used tools.  The intent is to provide a convenient, time-saving access to information while filtering out distractive and redundant information.
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258	Few years ago Performance and Capacity was mainly a mainframe related job performed by MVS gurus. It entered the UNIX servers world around 1991 - 1992 time frame. It become very visible with the emergence of the WEB related applications servers. While in the MVS world was to expensive to waste system resources, in the WEB world is to expensive not having enough resources to sustain a competitive response time. The field of Performance and Capacity is a cross bred between system Operating Systems and Application analysis and programming on one side and  mathematical statistics on the other side.
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262	Robotics is a term coined by Isaac Asimov to describe the field of science involving robots and related technologies. So what is a robot? The word comes from a 1923 Czech play called R.U.R. and described autonomous, humanoid robot servants. The original Czech word was robota, which means "servitude or forced labor".  According to the Syrius Cybernetics Corporation of Douglas Adams' Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a robot is "your plastic pal who's fun to be with". A more conventional definition is, "A mechanical device that sometimes resembles a human and is capable of performing a variety of often complex human tasks". There are many other definitions, some a bit too narrow and some far too broad. We try to be as inclusive as possible, accepting sites about hobby robotics, industrial robotics, even those about the radio-controlled entertainment vehicles of "Robot Wars". Enjoy our selections. And if you don't agree with some of our choices, rest easy in the knowledge that someone else out there wouldn't agree with yours.
266	Find anything and everything related to Chief Architect here.
269	This category is for sites describing the zip file format and closely related deflate-using formats.
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270	The conferences of Theoretical Computer Science.
275	How to install, configure and use the Oracle database.
273	Directories of Open-Source Software (primarily), but other related items if warranted.
276	Ready-written COM-based components or controls for use as building-blocks for implementing applications.
274	Wireless has many definitions and subsets. 1. It is the fixed point-to-point signal transmissions that occur through the air over a terrestrial microwave platform which does not require satellite feeds or local phone service. 2. It can also be signal transmissions between cellular phones, PDA's, and other mobile devices.
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279	Natural Language Processing has two major sub-categories: text and speech.  Both include activities like: recognizing distinct words, deciding what part-of-speech the word is, parsing an utterance into phrases, generating new text/speech and translating text/speech from one language to another.  Each of these steps has its own community of researchers.
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280	Conferences in Computer Science taking place in 2003.
285	Location-based courses and training in computer hardware or software, typically delivered by an instructor.      Companies that provide only Web or computer-based training should submit their sites to Online-Training.      
282	Message boards or discussion forums are usually the main aspect of an online (virtual) community where one can interact with other people of similar interests by posting and replying to messages, in your own time. This usually results in higher quality of discussions than with real-time chat.
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284	This category is for companies that are involved in Robotics in any way, including as manufacturers, importer, exporters, sellers, and online stores.
277	This category is for sites related to Web Accessibility only. Business related services can be found here:Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Accessibility/Companies_and_ConsultantsSites for web usability can be found here:Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/Web_UsabilitySites for assistive technology (non-web related) can be found here:Society/Disabled/Assistive_TechnologyOther related categories are listed below.
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288	The word 'beowulf' refers to a class of parallel computers.  A Beowulf-class computer is a cluster computer composed of bare-bones computers (generally cheap ones, containing only a processor, memory, and a network card) connected with fast networking.  Special system software allows all the individual computers in the cluster to work together efficiently.  Beowulfs were developed as a cheap alternative to buying a monolithic supercomputer, and can be put together from generally accessible parts.
293	Contains tips, tricks, and other informative sites about Mac OS X.
292	Computer hacking (and hacking in general) is an often  misunderstood part of today's society.  As the media and various computer security outfits like to focus on what hackers have the potential to do, instead of what they actually do.  In general, a hacker is seen as a social outcast that turns to the computer to gain a sense of power by generally destroying and stealing the possesions of other people.While that is true of some hackers, it is only one part of the  entire picture.  What we are dealing with here is an entire  coculture, having roots as far back as 1960, when the term "hacker" was first applied to MIT students.Many hackers adhere to a mostly unwritten code of ethics, which sometimes would lead both outsiders and new hackers into believing that they don't exist at all.  Surprisingly it is these same people that are most visible.People just beginning their exploration onto the internet will most likely come into contact with the "rogue hacker" or a hacker that doesn't follow the hacker code of ethics.  These rogue hackers portray a bad image of the hacker community in general, and often seem immature by using the so called "elite speek (l33t3, h4ck3r l4m3r)."This category was started with the hope to better educatenon-hackers and hackers alike about what it truly means tobe a hacker, the various types of hackers, and various aspectts of the hacker community. It also has the purpose of teaching hackers about the non-hacker society, as hackers also carry misconceptions about the "real world."
295	SCSI is a "stand alone" independent communications channel. It can work with any operating systems such as Unix and all its versions, Microsofts Windows and so forth. It is the channel of choice. Many motherboards now are being designed to incorporate SCSI.  It's an intelligent peripheral I/O interface with a standard, device independent protocol that allows many different peripheral devices to be attached to the host's SCSI port. Allows up to 8, 16 or 32 addresses on the bus depending on the width of the bus. Devices can include multiple hosts (initiators) and peripheral devices (targets) but must include a minimum of one of each. SCSI provides a high-speed, intelligent interface that allows an easy connection for up to 16 devices (8 devices for Narrow SCSI) on a single bus. These devices may be hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, tape drives, printers and scanners to name a few. Peripherals may be mounted in the computer or in an external enclosure. Total SCSI cable length is dependent on the type of SCSI.For more information see SCSI-1 X3.131-1986.
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297	Resources for the development of software agents
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291	Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format for electronic document distribution. PDF is a file format that preserves all of the fonts, formatting, colors, and graphics of any source document, regardless of the application and platform used to create it. PDF files are compact and can be shared, viewed, navigated, and printed exactly as intended by anyone with a free Adobe Acrobat Reader. You can convert any document to PDF, even scanned paper, using Adobe Acrobat 4.0 software.
299	3D Studio File Format.
298	Publications (and conferences with published proceedings) that focus on theory and engineering of distributed computing systems.
243	This category will have papers related to various types of Agent Communication Languages, such as FIPA, KQML and others.
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306	This category is intended for informative sites that pertain to desktop publishing {DTP) software, which is used for layout and design of publications using a personal computer. Related to the graphic design and visual communications disciplines, desktop publishing product examples include videos, websites, logos, letterhead, magazines, newsletters, flyers, brochures and more.
302	Hewlett-Packard designed computer system.
304	Fax servers are products which can send and/or receive fax messages on behalf of a company or work group with the general aim of improving productivity and reducing the need for individual fax machines. They exist in roughly two categories: Software only - where it's up to the user to integrate components themselves (chassis, OS, fax cards etc.) andTurnkey - where the system is supplied as a complete unit and is generally installed and provided by a single vendor.
301	Dealing with the topic of emulating the computers and consoles produced by Atari. Covering both the emulators themselves and the web sites that support them.This indludes, but is not limited to, the Atari 8-Bit (400/800, XL, XE), Atari ST (520/1040ST(e), MegaST(e), Falcon030) and consoles (2600, 5200, 7800, Jaguar).
307	Resources and information for web authoring, which includes page creation, design, content, and markup.
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308	The most popular personal computer office suite, by Microsoft, is available for all versions of Windows and Mac OS. It includes the Word word processor, Excel spreadsheet, Outlook address book, calendar, and mail program. Some versions also include the Access database, PowerPoint presentation manager, and Internet Explorer web browser.
305	Intranet Whitepapers - Standards and design developments with respect to intranet networks.
314	Resources and links to categories related to the process of shopping for computers. Also, unique gifts for computer users. The Computer: Shopping: Gifts category is for sites that have accessories/gifts for the computer or computer user. NOT EQUIPMENT, PERIPHERALS, SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE. Items that may fit into this category may be, for example, mouse pads, computer covers, tee-shirts, and novelty gifts for computer gurus and users.   NO submissions will be accepted to the Top: Computers: Shopping main index.Please read the category FAQ for pointers on where to submit these sites.   It is our goal to collect the very best "how to" shop for computers information sites and list them here.  We are not trying to build a complete list-that is best done by automatic search engines rather than by humans.    Check out the category FAQ for information on where to submit new sites.
316	This category relates to general information about data format conversion.
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318	VectorWorks is the flagship 2D/3D CAD software developed by Nemetschek North America. It was formerly known as MiniCAD and is currently available in over 85 countries, translated in 14 languages, for both Windows and Macintosh platforms.
313	Open Directory - Computers:Open Source:Software:Graphics   home |helpTop: Computers: Open_Source: Software: GraphicsPlease indicate (in round brackets) the programming language, and [in square brackets] the operating system that the code is known to work on.No category description foundOpen Directory Computers: Software: Graphics   Copyright © 1998-2004 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
317	Performance tuning of Video cards includes overclocking the graphics processor, making it run faster and therefore increasing performance in situations where the video card is the limiting factor. When video cards are overclocked, they require extra cooling to ensure that they run without problems. New driver releases can also boost performance.
303	Open Directory - Computers:Software:Graphics   home |helpTop: Computers: Software: GraphicsFollowing these guidelines will allow us to add your site       to the directory as quickly as possible.       Please submit only Web Sites that provide Graphic Software solutions for Businesses or Personal computer users.                  Find the single most appropriate category for your site.         Create a brief description, under 25 words, listing the current         content of your site (not the future content)         Do not use first person verbiage (we, our, us).         Don't bother using marketing verbiage. (We're the best!,         Most awesome site, Check it Out!) Marketing verbiage is removed.         Sites which are mirrors of other sites or that redirect to         another site will not be listed.         Sites that are affiliates or lists of affiliate links that         do not contain original content will not be listed.         Non-English sites should be submitted to the appropriate         World/ category.         Sites in the directory are subject to changes in placement,         description and possible removal from the directory, based on         this review.         Personal portfolios and Galleries of work created with these         tools should be submitted to either the Arts/Visual_Arts/Computer_Graphics/3D/         or Arts/Visual_Arts/Computer_Graphics/Artists/         categories.         Professional development services that utilize some of these         tools should be submitted to the Computers/Software/Consultants/         or the Computers/Companies/         category.      This category is intended for the graphic software programs    and utilities associated with the creation and manipulation of    digital graphics.    Two techniques are used for creating and maintaining pictures    in a computer. The first method called "vector graphics,"    which maintains the image as a series of points, lines, arcs    and other geometric shapes.    The second method called "bitmapped graphics" and    also known as "raster graphics," they resemble a television,    where the picture image is made up of dots. Understanding these    two techniques and how they interweave is crucial.    Thank you.
319	A manufacturer of UNIX-based computers ranging from desktop systems to very high-end servers.  Sells around the globe, with headquarters in California and manufacturing principally in California and Scotland.
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309	Concerns the protection of system resources and data from unauthorized use or access in stand alone or networked environments.Security measures are implemented through a combination of software, hardware and physical restrictions. They can operate across different selections of content from individual files up to an entire networked enterprise.Tools used to secure systems environments include authentication systems, intrusion detection systems, firewalls, anti-virus software, biometrics, virtual private networks and cryptography.
322	Online Forums and Networks discussiong aspects of Theoretical Computer Science.
323	This category contains websites that pertain to computer education about the use of and development of the internet.  Sites submitted should offer education or training in a range of internet related courses.     Tutorials in specific web development areas like JavaScript or Flash, should be submitted to the appropriate specific category.  General training and educational courses delivered via the internet should be submitted to  Online Teaching and Learning .  Computer software training delivered via the internet should be submitted to  Online Training .
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326	Personal Computer Memory Card International Association     Standardizes packages for memory and input/output (modems, LAN cards, etc.) for computers, laptops, palmtops, etc. For each there is a specific set for each bus to use.  As a bus it is the network/or circuitry's placement in which all the devices are attached to it and all signals pass through each device, but only the targeted device will receive and recognize the signal intended for it. The PCMCIA bus is 8 bits wide and doesn't allow for direct memory access (DMA) transfers, or bus mastering. The newest version called the CardBus addresses these issues.
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329	Host your own personal Palace chat server - from 8 to 50 users.  Use these listings to find the host that best meets your server needs.
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332	Conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops and similar events in Computer Science.
334	RPM information and repositories.The sites listed here contain either information on the RPM package format, or repositories of RPM packages.
337	Listing of companies who offer more than one mode of biometric services. (For example, face recognition and fingerprint recognition).
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330	Open Directory - Computers:Artificial Intelligence:Philosophy   home |feedbackTop: Computers: Artificial_Intelligence: PhilosophyAll sites are welcome to submit. Some suggested, but not limited to, areas of content: agents including autonomous, belief networks, knowledge representation, cognitive studies, natural language and computational linguistics, theoretical computing, cognitive architecture, and general discussion of philosophical topics in AI.Research Centers, Institutions, Graduate programs, and all “facility”Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence is an area for discussion on the combined disciples of the Philosophy of Mind with the scientific research, not restricted to Computer Science, into modeling, and replicating, human cognitive states in computing machinery.This category will focus on sites with resources, papers, discussions, and links are of interest.
338	What is a groupware ?A groupware is a program that allows several people to work together in a simpler and more productive way than only using email. A groupware is strongly network oriented and provides some tools making it possible to distant people to communicate in a synchronous or asynchronous way. For example, it will be possible for users to share files, or even to store them on a server and to work with them at the same time. A lot of tools can be integrated in a groupware. That's why it is so important to remain extensible.
333	This category is for general computer courses.
339	This category only contains links to World Regions and Countries with Web Design and Development categories.
342	Tips, resources, news articles, and general information about making the switch from the PC to the Mac.
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325	In computer science, after basic hardware, language comes first, before operating systems, applications, or anything else. One needs a language first, even if only machine language, before one can write any software at all.There is a vast variety of programming languages, estimates run from 2,000 to 6,000. The situation is often likened to the many schisms of some religions, and sometimes disagreements and even fights occur among the faithful. Yet, all languages must adhere to the central unifying principles of computer science (even Intercal and Befunge), otherwise they couldn't work.On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom: specific languages, with their own directory category.é, Facile. It is lexically-scoped, untyped, interpreted, and supports distributed object-oriented computation. Obliq objects have state and are local to a site. Obliq computations may involve multiple threads of control within an address space, multiple address spaces on a machine, heterogeneous machines over a local network, and multiple networks over an internet: intranet, extranet, the Internet. Computations can roam over networks, while maintaining network connections.übinette of Roxen Internet Software. It has its roots in LPC, and is distributed under the GNU General Public License. The Pike project is currently hosted by Linköping University. Among its many features are threading, database connectivity, powerful graphic manipulation libraries and much more. The Roxen WebServer is built entirely in Pike.ürich, in Zurich, Switzerland.Some people think Ada is a Wirth language, and even send emails stating such. Ada was the work of several groups, first in the US, and then Europe, over many years. Unlike true Wirth languages, Ada was not derived directly from any one or more Wirth language. Some aspects of Ada are derived from, or strongly influenced by, some Wirth concepts (especially Pascal) but this is true of many (most?) modern programming languages. So far, there seems no documentation showing that Wirth had any direct or significant involvement in the Ada development process. If you can provide such, please email the URL to directory editor jerryobject.
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344	Exploits are demonstration software or techniques that illustrate a means of taking adavantage of a vulnerability in order to cause software to behave other than expected.
343	This category is for homepages of parallel computing conferences.
351	ASCII is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and is a format for storing and communicating characters.
348	Distributed projects which have finished, and have not started new work for a significant amount of time.
346	Category for compilers, and the theory and practice of creating them. This category does not include compilers for specific languages, which are found elsewhere in subcategories for the source languages involved. Systems for generating separate compiler components (lexers/parsers, code generators or transformation tools) or cross-compilers are found in their respective subcategories under /Compilers.
345	May refer to a number of different types of wires or groups of wires capable of carrying audio or data transmissions. Category contains either: Cables for computers, Audio Cables, SCSI Cables.   To submitters: This is for retail sites selling cabling. If your company is a manufacturer please submit to the correct category.
352	Open source software for distributed computing.
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340	The Acorn Archimedes was the first RISC-based computer meant for use in the home. It was first released in the UK in 1987, and it used an operating system called ARTHUR (allegedly standing for "A Risc-based operating system by THURsday"). This was quickly junked in favour of RISC OS 2, which was a superior operating system. The current version of RISC OS is version 4, and it runs on the Risc PC.
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353	As a reference of examples of ethical codes regarding computers, this category contains established codes of computer ethics currently or formerly in use by companies, organizations, or professional guilds.
357	Software for multimedia authoring, editing, production, and publishing/serving.
355	Information on software agents research.
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363	Links related to Hotline software. This section contains Hotline Clients, Servers, and Trackers (clones and official releases).  As well, there are links to news about Hotline in general.
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359	Sites that sell and install networks.
354	The JIF data format (also known as Jeff's Image Format) is a replacement for the GIFimage data format.
368	Sites offering research services using the Internet and related consulting services.
364	Professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading in the United Kingdom and an experts in machine intelligence, Kevin Warwick is best known for his electronic implants.
358	Sites related to IBM's large range of platforms including subcategories for AS/400 (iSeries) and S/390 (zSeries).
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365	Open Directory - Computers:Software:Operating Systems:Microsoft Windows   home |helpTop: Computers: Software: Operating_Systems: Microsoft_WindowsTo avoid delay in listing, please review prior to submission:    Please submit websites once to the most relevant category in the directory.   Submit your site using your main url. Do not submit a redirect URL for your site -instead use the actual URL.   Use your site's actual title.   Create a brief description, under 25 words, listing the current content of your site (not the future content). Do not use marketing verbiage or first person verbiage (we, our, us) in the description. Also, do not us statements such as ‘and more’The Windows operating system is designed by the Microsoft Company.‘and more’Device drivers, sometimes called hardware drivers, are small blocks of software, program routines, which are used to interface between an operating system, and various hardware devices, usually peripherals. Writing them demands deep knowledge of the OS, and of a device's command language and properties.‘and more’Microsoft is in the beta stage of the next Windows Operating System called "Windows Vista."‘and more’Formerly known as Whistler, this newest version of Windows for consumers and businesses, is based on the NT/2000 microkernel code. It combines the more stable and powerful core of Windows 2000 with the high usability shell of Windows Me. The look of the operating system is based around 'themes' provided by Microsoft.     It was originally intended as a mainly consumer version of Windows using the NT/2000 code base, as a means to replace the aging Windows 95/98/Me which are based on DOS and the Win32 API. XP is now also intended for businesses.      It was released in October 2001.
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375	This category is for the theoretical side of Graphics Programming.  It focuses on the algorithms and data structures used to produce visual imagery or data.This category covers topics commonly found in fields of Computer Science, such as Computer Graphics, Computer Vision, and Computer-Based Modeling.
372	Organizations relating to the CAD industry and it's professions.
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384	3D Studio File Format.
385	Lists of computer security related sites or software, sometimes with a brief description and not, generally, including additional information.
380	Do not submit In Computers:Internet:Abuse. Please look for the appropriate sub-category below.Denial of ServiceSites about hostile web applets which maliciously consume resources.How To ReportSites which instruct how to report internet abuse.How To Report Web AbuseSites which instruct how to report abuse in specific web communities.Sexual HarassmentSites about sexual harrassment on the internet.SpamSites which have to do with spam, anti-spam software and tactics, spam laws, and people accused of spamming.Spam lawsSites about spam laws.
379	Important journals of theoretical computer science.
381	bzip2 is a freely available, patent free, high-quality data compressor. It typically compresses files to within 10% to 15% of the best available techniques, whilst being around twice as fast at compression and six times faster at decompression.bzip2 is avaialbe on most platforms.bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally considerably better than that achieved by more conventional LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM family of statistical compressors. bzip2 is built on top of libbzip2, a flexible library for handling compressed data in the bzip2 format.
378	This category tracks significant software/hardware advances, companies and sites in the area of speech processing, recognition and voice control for computers. Technically "voice recognition" to the industry means speaker verification and identification, i.e., who is speaking - is it Alex or Jane. Speech recognition is the identification of content - what did Alex say. This category does not, therefore, take "speech recognition" to be synonymous with "voice recognition."
388	This directory listing feaures individual consultants and firms that focus primarily or significantly on delivering database development and database administration services.
383	Computational Algebra refers to the use of computers toperform mathematical operations in either a symbolic ornumeric fashion.  This includes (but is not limited to)such objects of interest as:  * arbitrary precision integers  * polynomials  * finite fields  * groups  * vectors  * matrices  * graphs  * codes  * curves  * integrals  * differential equations  * limitsand many more.  This section aims to provide references tosubjects of relevance to the field of computational algebra,including lists of available software and descriptions ofimportant algorithms in the field.
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367	Operating systems (OSs) do many things: it is the block of software that runs in the memory of a computer which mediates between the hardware below and application(s) above; provides consistent access to various hardware for user programs such as applications and utilities; multiplexes hardware resources between two or more processes, programs, users; provides some common services to all software via an application programming (or protocol) interface (API); allocates memory and storage; schedules tasks.On this page, OSs are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated OSs. 2) Middle group: types or classes of OS, or OSs for which there are more than one instance of an OS of this name/type, an OS family. 3) Bottom group: specific OSs, individual instances; there is only one OS of this name/type, with its own category, and non-trivial, useful running code (more than a boot loader), and/or a body of worthwhile readings. It cannot be merely a new project with no significant code.‘and more’The Windows operating system is designed by the Microsoft Company.
389	CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a distributed object computing middleware standard that allows clients to invoke operations on remote objects without concern for where the object resides or what language the object is written in.
391	Universal Serial Bus (USB).  A standard promoted by Intel for communication between an IBM PC and external peripherals over an inexpensive cable using biserial (in two rows or series)transmission. USB works at 12 Mbps with specific cost consideration for low cost peripherals. It supports up to 127 devices and both isochronous and asynchronous data transfers. Cables can be up to 5 meters long and it includes built-in power distribution for low power devices. It supports daisy chaining through a tiered star multidrop topology.
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393	This category holds web pages and sites that compare two or more programming languages, on one or more variable, via text, feature lists, tables, code samples, equations, pictures, jokes, or any other means, sensible or nonsensical. To qualify for this page, submissions must be about, and of interest to, those interested in, more than one language.On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: components, frameworks. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own category.
397	Conferences in Computer Science taking place in 2005.
398	This category focuses on online and physical site retailers of software.
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401	Publications in the field of Computer Algorithms: books, journals, preprints, bibliographies, web-based texts, lecture notes, etc.
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404	Sites offering communities where web authors can get help and share their views and opinions.
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402	This category lists programming languages that are of special value in AI research and applications.
394	Domain_Names guides users to subcategories which contain all resources and services having to do with Domain Name Services.        The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed database used by computer systems to map between hostnames and IP addresses, and to provide electronic mail routing information. Each site (university department, campus,company, or department within a company, for example) maintains its own database of information and runs a server program that other systems across the Internet can query. The DNS provides the protocol which allows clients and servers to communicate with each other.      This category includes the companies that provide the resources to make this system work, companies that provide the resources to end users for use or resell and sites that discuss issues in the system.
407	Sites in this category should be very general in nature.  More specific help categories exist all over the directory, the most important and useful of which are listed as @links in this category.
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403	Parallel computing conferences scheduled to occur in 2002.
413	The Microsoft Word word processing application stores documents in a OLE2 compound file based format. The name of the files typically ends with .doc.
406	Find links to magazines and E-zines related to Macintosh computer systems.
412	This category is for those consultants who give expert or professional advice specifically dedicated to SAP to businesses and individuals.
417	This category contains technical information about parallel computing.  Information about how to write programs for parallel computers is in  Parallel_Computing/Programming/Documentation.
411	The formats used by software applications to store different types of documents.
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419	The AC3D file format is a 3D file format in ascii text but not really designed to be read or written by humans.
420	This category is for distributed computing projects to either discover prime numbers, or factor very large numbers.
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416	Open Directory - Computers:Hacking:Fake Identification   home |helpTop: Computers: Hacking: Fake_IdentificationPlease do not make multiple submissions.No category description foundOpen Directory Society: Crime: Theft: Identity Theft   Copyright © 1998-2004 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
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405	This category is separated into 4 major sub categories: Basic Service,  Full Service,  Dyanamic and Multimedia, Freelance as well as several areas of specialty design. If you are indeed a web designer or developer who does work in the global market, do not submit to this broad category, but to the appropriate sub category beneath it. Use your company name -- which in this category will determine your site title.       Guidelines for submitting sites:                      Only submit sites that are in English. Non-English sites              should be submitted to the appropriate country under World.          Do not type in capitals, nor capitalize all nouns.          Do not include a list of keywords.          Do not include your products.          Do not write a sales pitch.          The description should be a brief summary of the services              your company offers:                  Do NOT include superlatives ("We're the                      best, "The greatest website...",                      "We're #1..., etc.).                   The description should be in English, in coherent                      sentence form, and free from mistakes.                   Do not submit a list of keywords.                   Do not use unnecessary capitalization, or include                      HTML tags.                   Submit to only ONE category.                   Submit to the one best category possible.                              
418	The processor is the heart, the central working element, of a computer or other digital information handling system. It is the part that does all of the processing, the actual work of performing arithmetic and logic operations. Everything else in current computers mostly only holds information, as bits.Some technical names for processors: Central Processing Unit (CPU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Processors can be made in many parts or in one part (monolithic). Older processors were always in many parts, current ones are usually monolithic.There is no one necessary model or configuration for processors. The term's meaning varies with context, mainly by how processors are defined or implemented. Historically, the evolution was as: many cabinets in several rooms, then many cabinets in one room, then many boards in one cabinet, then many chip carriers on one board, then some as a few chips in one chip carrier (package). Key trait: all parts are treated, and work, as one processing unit during some task.Processors that fit fully on one integrated circuit chip are usually called microprocessors, and have parts (features) measured in microns or micrometers (millionths of a meter), or in nanometers (billionths of a meter). The future will bring nanoprocessors, with parts measured in a few nanometers, and made with a technology called nanotechnology. On this page, processors are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top: issues spanning multiple unrelated processors. 2) Middle: types or classes of processors. 3) Bottom: specific processor families, with their own directory category.
422	A machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.
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430	This category contains tutorials, introductory information/articles/resources about software agents.
423	The Internet is an insecure place. - a common view of security on the Internet. This is not necessarily true, but vulnerabilities and exploits do exist. Many different protocols and tools have been developed to enhance the security on the Internet as these problems are discovered.
429	This category is used mainly to collect links to other relevant categories in Computers/Software and places like that. Individual packages usually fit better in one of the Software categories than here. (The exception would be software for "doing things the open source way", whatever that might mean in practice. And even then maybe not.)
408	Java is a programming language, and platform for programming, applications, and Web software, from Sun Microsystems. As a language, it is strictly object-oriented, aggressively platform-independent, self documenting, inherently multithreaded, security conscious, and garbage collected, with a rich standard library, including Internet communications, windowing graphics (AWT, Swing), and SQL database interface (JDBC). Java is closely related to C, but intentionally lacks many of the features of C++, namely multiple inheritance, operator overloading, and any explicit pointers. These exclusions are done specifically to make it a simpler language, and they seem to work. Many programmers choose to program in Java just to be more productive. Some programming instructors teach introductory courses to C++ by first using Java, and then, after students learn how to program, the move to C++, to save time and aid student comprehension; both languages can be taught in the time often needed for C++ alone.As a platform, Java is compiled into still platform-independent bytecodes, then interpreted on each machine; interpreters, using virtual machines (VMs), for most computer types are widely available. This lets portable programs be written on any one of many computer architectures, with the slogan: "Write Once Run Anywhere". One powerful example of this is Java Applets, Java programs embedded in a Web page, downloaded by the Web browser, and executed on the user's computer. Java's inherent security minimizes the risks of running an untested, untrusted program, and platform independence lets most computers execute it. The Mozilla, Netscape Navigator, and Microsoft Internet Explorer Web browsers, among many others, can run Java applets.But there's more. Sun has even wider goals for Java, including marketing it as a language for embedded systems, making it a standard for cross-platform object-oriented program communication, and possibly challenging the Microsoft Windows dominance of operating systems (OSs). The precedent of the JDK, Java interpreter/compiler packages, being free for download for most OSs from Sun and others, along with most of the source code, as well as the promise of platform independence, has spawned much interest in Java as part of the Open Source software movement. Many applets and even full applications are also downloadable free, with source code. Also available: compilers to translate from other languages to platform independent Java bytecode, decompilers to convert Java bytecode to readable Java, and obfuscators, to hinder them. All are popular categories.This directory category intends to cover all of that. Ambitious goal, no? :-)
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428	A listing of books covering the Distributed Component Object Model technology.  Only web sites provided by book publishers or book authors may be listed here. For places to buy books, refer to the Shopping: Books category.
435	The Simple Vector Format, or SVF, is a vector graphics format which supports hyperlinks and layer information. It was jointly developed by SoftSource and NCSA in 1993 to provide a useful 2-D vector format for use on the World Wide Web.
436	Web sites that provide a variety of internet content. Minimally the portal site should feature a search engine/directory, web based e-mail, news, and weather. Portal sites may also have auctions, shopping links and classifieds. Generally a portal site is a convenient place to start from when you go online.
433	The BBS Utilities Category is were you will find utilities that support any of the major BBS packages listed in the preceding category.
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438	This category has links for programmers of EPOC, *not* SIBO. Users of EPOC devices with no desire to program, see Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices
437	He was born December 26th, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire and died October 18th, 1871, London. He is most famous for his ideas about building an "analytical engine", the predecessor of the digital computer. He was a graduate of Cambridge University, and later held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics there.’s highest honor in technology, from President Clinton in White House ceremony. Dickson Prize 1994 (Carnegie Mellon University, top science prize). Engineer of the Year, Design News. Inventor of the Year, MIT. Grace Murray Hopper Award, Association for Computing Machinery. Honorary Doctorates and honors (12) from 3 U.S. presidents. Film awards, 7 national and international.åHÃ¥kan Lans is an inventor from Sweden. He has invented several things including colour computer graphics (U.S. Patent 4,303,986 Data processing system and apparatus for color graphics display) and the first mass produced pointing device (not a mouse but a digitization tablet), the HI Pad, made by Houston Instruments.ül, from 1942 to 1946. It was not published until 1972, and the first compiler for it was done in 2000. A Linux distribution, SuSE, is named partly in his honor.
442	Microsoft Project is a project management software tool that runs on Microsoft Window.
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445	This category is for listing companies that would best be described as specializing in Graphics Programming.  Note, that this does not mean that all companies who do Graphics Programming will be here!  Please see the related categories to help you find other companies that do Graphics Programming.
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447	The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application stores spreadsheets in a OLE2 compound file based format. The name of the files typically ends with .xls or .xlb.
446	AutoCAD is a general purpose computer aided design (CAD) package, manufactured by Autodesk, Inc. The software can be extended by using a number of compiled or interpreted programming languages, most prominently AutoLISP. Current versions of AutoCAD run exclusively on Microsoft Windows systems.
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453	A directory is a guide that provides an indexing of sites, categorized links, or a repository. Sometimes a directory will have a brief description, including additional information and a list of resources. Please submit only Web sites that provide a comprehensive list of sites, categorized links or a repository for Shareware, Freeware, and Commercial software.
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455	Resources about and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs)... companies which provide access to the Internet, via dialup connections, leased lines, etc.      NOTE that entries for actual ISPs should be added under the REGIONAL category for the parts of the world they serve (for instance, National ISPs in the U.S.A. would go under Regional/USA). Sites that do not offer Internet access, such as companies that specialize in web hosting and domain name registration, don't belong under here since they have their own Open Directory category elsewhere.      If you find another good worldwide list of ISPs, you can       add that under Regional. ISP lists that only deal with some portion of the world should be added under the category for the parts of the world they cover. You may want to add "[ISPLIST]" to the beginning of the title of the site, to set it apart from the normal listings.
457	A supercomputer is, generally, a really big and fast computer.  The standard of what exactly constitutes a supercomputer has evolved with the capabilities of the computing industry.  Supercomputers contain many processors and often take up entire rooms.  They can do anything a normal computer can do, but usually much, much faster.This category contains information about supercomputers, including (but not limited to) companies that manufacture supercomputers, supercomputing facilities, news articles about supercomputers, and supercomputing conferences.Information about writing programs to run on supercomputers is in Computers/Parallel_Computing.
458	Database management services that are accessed primarily by a web browser.
459	This category is dedicated to resources related to the development of databases and database applications. For information about database software in general, refer to http://dmoz.org/Computers/Databases/.
460	Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Traditional access to newsgroups, or discussion fora, requires newsreader software and access to a newsserver. Many ISPs provide access to a newsserver as part  of their service package.   This category provides general information about Usenet. 
461	Sample applications that assist developers in learning the development of .NET applications. These sample applications typically come with source code.
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462	Parallel computing conferences in 2003.
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463	Notebook and laptop computers have these traits:1) Small: Usually about one foot (30 cm) wide and less than two inches (5 cm) thick. They can fit on a lap.2) Lightweight: Usually less than 8 pounds for notebooks, and less than 12 pounds for laptops.3) Portable due to 1) and 2) and being battery-powered.4) They use an integral, hinged (folding), thin, flat panel display; usually a liquid crystal display: LCD.
466	This category is the resource for finding websites on the Acorn Archimedes range of Computers, from emulators to free software download sites, you ca find it all here.
465	Conferences held in 2001.
468	This category points to directory categories for programming languages that are garbage collected and object-oriented.
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471	Publications related to machine learning
474	Emulation of systems published by Digital Equipment Corporation.
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470	Conferences in Computer Science taking place in 2006.
472	Through the use of authentication, encryption and tunneling technologies, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) permit the secure transmission of sensitive data through public networks, thus allowing organizations to reduce WAN costs by utilizing the Internet for site to site communications.
480	The DM2 data format is used to record and play back Quake 2 games.
481	Exchange Hosting Services offer Exchange as a hosted service over the Internet.
479	Services which provide image hosting with a focus on external linking to things like auctions, blogs, forums, and other interactive web pages.  These services offer no traditional photo sharing elements such as online albums.
487	Implementations of machine learning algorithms.
484	Mac OS X is Apple's next-generation operating system based on BSD Unix, and Mach OS. It was released in 2001.
483	This category is for Hardware related education. We have categories for tutorials and How To's.
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494	HTML Help is the next generation standard help system for the Windows platform. HTML Help, like it's predecessor WinHelp, is designed to allow applications to provide context-sensitive user help, and to act as an delivery vehicle for training guides, interactive books, and newsletters.  Additionally, new features in HTML Help make it easy to create multimedia titles, or web sites content.HTML Help is based on the standard HTML. However, it offers additional features such as table of contents, index, keyword search, compressed packages (.chm) for easy distribution, etc.
493	The ASCII Scene Export (ASE) data format is a text based data format used to represent 3D graphic scenes.
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492	This category lists Hacking groups from all over the world.
490	Various studies of the geometry and biochemistry of these complex molecules.
496	Contains designers whose main focus is dynamic web site design.
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497	Cellular Automata (CA) processors are a physical, not software only, implementation of CA concepts, which can process information computationally. Processing elements are arranged in a regular grid of identical cells. The grid is usually a square tiling, or tessellation, of two or three dimensions; other tilings are possible, but not yet used. Each cell is in one of a finite number of states, determined only by interactions with the small number of adjoining cells. Cells interact, communicate, directly only with adjoining, adjacent, neighbor cells. No means exists to communicate directly with cells farther away. Cell interaction can be via electric charge, magnetism, vibration (phonons at quantum scales), or any other physically useful means. This can be done in several ways so no wires are needed between any elements.This is very unlike processors used in most computers today, von Neumann designs, which are divided into sections with elements that can communicate with distant elements, over wires.
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475	Beginner's Guides offers non-commercial guides, resource listings, and tutorials especially valuable to, or targeted at, beginning web authors and designers. Beginners would include those building their first web pages, or those adding to pages created with page editors offered by free web space providers. If your web site provides assistance for beginning authors, offers step-by-step examples of basic techniques, or provides beginning instruction in a specific authoring topic, submit your entry to this category.
498	The LMP data format originally appeared with ID Software's game Doom to record games. It has been used other games also, such as: Doom II, Heretic, Hexen, and Strife. It should be noted that although the data format has had some changes between its uses amound these five games, that the changes have been minimal.
500	This category contains links to everything and anything related to embedded systems and embedded system development.
502	The people actively involved in research in theoretical computer science.
504	Websites about specific robotics software packages or code are listed here. These are sites where you can obtain (e.g. download or purchase) the software. Comprehensive software packages or libraries that perform both control and simulation functions are listed in the main category. Subcategories are provided for software the is primarily for simulation or control.
505	Network management software allows you to control, monitor or change aspects of networked computer systems.
509	CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) is a distributed object computing middleware standard that allows clients to invoke operations on remote objects without concern for where the object resides or what language the object is written in.
506	HTML, the HyperText Markup Language, is the standard markup language for pages on the World Wide Web. This type of coding is used to create paragraphs, add backgrounds, change text color and size, tables, lists, clickable links, and images.               Some examples of HTML tags are:               - To begin an html document                - To add background colors or images and change text and link colors         - To create paragraphs                - To change text size and color In the example above, those were opening HTML tags.  Most but not all opening tags require a closing tag like 
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512	This Category is dedicated to anything to do with Wildcat Interactive Net Server. If you are a third party vendor or run a Wildcat system this is the Category to list your system.Software authors be sure to submit your web site along with your product descriptions and hot-links to your current products.
513	Interactive sites which accommodate public discussion of search engines and directories.
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520	Graphics Libraries are libraries used for producing visual imagery or data.
521	XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is the reformulation of HTML 4 into XML.  This allows for a highly extensible and widely supported language.
515	The Amiga system was introduced in 1985 by Commodore Bussiness Machines. The first model, the Amiga 1000, boasted 6 bit colour, a standard resolution of 640*256, 8 bit stereo sound, 256 Kb of RAM and a revolutionary GUI-based operating system (Workbench); many models followed, the most advanced being the A4000, introduced in 1992, which had 8 bit colour, 4 Megabyte RAM (expandable) and built-in IDE interface.Eventually Commodore went bankrupt due to its incapability to market the Amiga as anything else than a games machine, despite its revolutionary Operating System. Nowadays the machine has a loyal following and plans are underway to design a next-generation system based on it.
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526	This category is for sites describing the zip file format and closely related deflate-using formats.
523	Links relating to Dassault Systems CATIA CAD system software.
529	In order for computers to store information on hard drives, floppy disks, cds, tapes, etc otherwise known as electronic media, the computer has to understand where the information is stored and how to read that information.  File system data formats are technical descriptions on how the information can be accessed.  This category is used to collect information on different file formats for three purposes.  These purposes are Educating programmers so that they can make full use of the file systems they work with, providing reference material for compatibility and providing information for the creation of new file systems.
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532	This site lists links to various resources available on the WWW for learning more about and obtaining programs pertinent to email encryption.  If you want what you send to others, via electronic means, to be as secure as possible, then this is the category for you.
527	Professional and non-professional evaluations and reviews of computer related components.
514	Open Directory - Computers:Data Communications:DSL:Vendors   home |helpTop: Computers: Data_Communications: DSL: VendorsSubmit sites for hardware manufacturers of DSL equipment to this category.  DSL Access Providers are listed at http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Commercial_Services/Access_Providers/DSL/No category description foundOpen Directory Computers: Internet: Access Providers: DSL   Copyright © 1998-2004 NetscapeLast update:  - edit
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516	Open Directory - Computers:Internet:Cybercafes  about dmoz |helpTop: Computers: Internet: CybercafesPlease submit your site to one of the appropriate "country subcategory" below. This will help speed the editing of your submission.Please additionally submit your site to the appropriate "locality" category in the ODP Regional branch.Example: Kifissia Internet Cafe - Internet CaféA cybercafe (also referred to as Internet Cafe) is a place offering computers for rent with the ability to check email, surf the Internet, make connections with others via chat, upload digital photos, play games, utilize word processing and other software products. Many cafes also offer other business services and refreshments.Establishments with the primary purpose of interactive gaming should be sent to Computers/Internet/Cybercafes/GamingAll other general purpose cybercafes should be submitted to the appropriate regional sub-category.Businesses which are primarily a restaurant, that happens to also offer a couple of internet terminals should be sent to the appropriate Regional locality.és based in the Czech Republic.ñol/Regional/España/Economía y negocios/Informática/Internet/CibercaféCybercafes in Mexico.éThis category is for internet cybercafés which have sufficient English language on the web site for readers to locate the café in Sweden. The category is under Computers/Internet.
533	This category contains information about parallel programming languages, including extensions to existing sequential languages as well as completely new languages.  Message-passing libraries that allow writing parallel programs in a normally sequential langauge are listed in Computers/Parallel_Computing/Programming.
539	This category is for only websites cataloging operating systems (OSs), and related resources, via alphabetical or otherwise classified lists of resources, with no, or brief descriptions. For classified lists with more than brief descriptions, see Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Guides.
534	Covers emulation of the Apple ][ series of computer, for instance Apple II+, IIc, IIgs et.c.
525	Sites providing information on the practice of securing, and information on security of wireless networks.  Wireless networks (or wireless LANs) are becoming more popular in homes around the world, and therefore there is more opportunity for hackers to steal information from your wireless networks now then there ever was.  Securing your wireless network is essential, and the sites here will be able to help you in this practice.
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518	According to The Data Warehousing Institute (TDWI):        A "Data Warehouse" is a data structure that is optimized    for distribution.  It collects and stores integrated sets    of historical data from multiple operational systems and    feeds them to one or more data marts.  It may also     provide end-user access to support enterprise views of    data.        If there is demand, we may grow sub-categories that mirror    the strategy used in the Atlas of Data Warehousing (also from TDWI) for related categories:         Data Integrity and Cleansing Tools    Data Modeling Tools    Extraction and Transformation    Data Movement Tools    Information Servers (@link to Databases)    Decision Support Tools    Turnkey Decision Support Systems    Data Warehouse Enabled Applications    Data Warehouse Administration and Management Tools    Data Warehouse Platforms (@link)    Data Warehouse Consultants    
545	Software Development Tools are usable, professional grade, and often professionally developed, programs and libraries, which aid programmers in the software development process. Development tools may encompass different software programming languages and platforms, but have in common prewritten usable code that can help software developers create software programs. Tools for specific programming languages are listed in related programming language categories in Computers/Programming/Languages.ÀPrograms primarily intended to aid to programmer in finding and fixing bugs.
542	Broadcasting of Audio/Video using the Internet, specifically, Internet only broadcasters or broadcasting. Please submit the the appropriate subcategory.
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544	Virtual Reality (VR) and emersive virtual environments.
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557	This category points to directory categories for programming languages that are interpreted and object-oriented.
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548	Bill Gates is co-founder of Microsoft and the worlds richest man.
524	DESCRIPTION - Sites that will send "virtual greeting cards" or "E-Cards".  This normally includes an email that will direct the recipient to a customized web page on their site that will have a message from you, along with a picture, sometimes with animation or music.    Information on printing paper greeting cards is listed under Computers/Desktop_Publishing/Greeting_Cards.
553	Information specifically about agent communication and multi-agent systems
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517	Raymond C. Kurzweil is a pioneer in several areas of the computer industry involving mainly artificial intelligence (AI). He was the main developer of many firsts: omni-font optical character recognition (OCR) software, text-to-speech synthesizer and print-to-speech reading machine for the blind, charge coupled device (CCD) flat-bed scanner, commercially marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition software, electronic keyboard music synthesizer able to emulate the sounds of orchestra instruments such as grand pianos.He founded and developed nine successful businesses in: OCR, speech recognition, reading technology, virtual reality, financial investment, cybernetic art, music synthesis, and other areas of AI.He has written books on health, AI, transhumanism, and the technological singularity. He is a recognized leader in future studies.Awards and Honors; national, international: Inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame, September 2002. Lemelson-MIT Prize, $500,000, US largest award in invention and innovation, 2001. National Medal of Technology, 1999, US’s highest honor in technology, from President Clinton in White House ceremony. Dickson Prize 1994 (Carnegie Mellon University, top science prize). Engineer of the Year, Design News. Inventor of the Year, MIT. Grace Murray Hopper Award, Association for Computing Machinery. Honorary Doctorates and honors (12) from 3 U.S. presidents. Film awards, 7 national and international.
570	Find links to academic departments with Computer Science specializations located in Ireland.
554	Projects and companies offering software for wearable computers.
567	This category is for sites providing information about software education, or educational software. Companies that provide software training should be submitted to Training Companies or the appropriate subcategory.Companies that provide computer training by using audiocassettes, videos, and handbooks should submit their sites to Self-Study.Companies that provide computer training online should submit their sites to Online Training.
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559	Aspect-oriented extensions to the Java language - that is, extensions which allow some degree of separation of crosscutting concerns (concerns which would otherwise cut accross classes and/or methods).
573	Drawing Exchange Format.
561	Biometric authentication is the science of verifying a person's identity based on personal characteristics, such as voice, facial characteristics and fingerprints.Biometrics are used to create security solutions for multiple markets, including network, data, telephony, Internet and physical access.
572	If you provide webmaster resources in multiple areas of web site development, or provide a usable service to webmasters, submit your URL here.   Resources should provide information, tutorials, and other web site components for the webmaster to use. Lists or Directories of Webmaster Resources should be added to the Directories category.   Note: If you are "only" selling a service or software, please do not add your URL here. Use the Search function to locate the most appropriate category.
563	The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was the first full-scale computer with electronic stored programs. It began its operation at Cambridge University in England June 1949.
564	Tommy Flowers  Born December 22, 1905 - died October 28, 1998.Creator of the world's first digital computer.  Employed by the British Post Office, he worked in the 1930s on converting England's mechanical telephone switching system to an electronic system, but without much success. During WWII he was recuited by Bletchley Park where he applied his experience in telephone systems switching to build 'Colossus', the first electronic, rather than mechanical, code breaker.
579	This sub-category is for teams participating in Distributed Computing Projects.
576	Hacking and information security text archives.
578	HERF:High Energy Radio Frequency [gun] is used to disable electronic equipment -- everything from computers to cars.EMP:Electro-Magnetic Pulse is released by air-burst nuclear weapons.  TEMPEST:Also known as Van Eck Phreaking, it's the process of snooping on the display of a CRT via electromagnetic waves.
582	He was born December 26th, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire and died October 18th, 1871, London. He is most famous for his ideas about building an "analytical engine", the predecessor of the digital computer. He was a graduate of Cambridge University, and later held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics there.
584	The Emotion Engine (EE) is a powerful 128-bit RISC VLIW processor, made in a few versions, based on the MIPS R5900 (MIPS IV-subset), and jointly designed with Toshiba and Sony. Mass production began in 1999. Its main use is in Sony PlayStation 2 video game consoles, of which over 100 million have been sold, making EE a surprisingly common platform. The identity of the EE and the PS2 are closely connected. The PS2 was the original and main reason EE was developed, PS2 was the original product that used EE, and PS2 is still EE's primary market. If there was no PS2, there would be no Emotion Engine.
590	Academic Research Groups in Quantum Computing.
586	Software tools for creating electronic books.
587	The extension of technical information, advice and assistance. Sites in this category should be general in nature.  More specific howto / tutorial categories exist all over the directory.
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589	Hosted components for web sites and hosted services for web site owners. These don't require software to be downloaded or installed on a web server. Some of these are intended only for the site owners, though most are intended for visitors to the site. In the case of the latter, the site owner usually just needs to link to the site or copy and paste some script or markup.      Services listed here can be pay, ad-supported, or free.
594	Software specifically for networking and networking-related issues.
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565	Conferences, meetings, seminars and workshops on the theory of databases.
595	Malicious Software (also known as malware) refers to viruses, trojans, worms, spyware, and similar threats. This category deals in understanding and protecting against these threats, not in promoting them.
597	This category is for sites related to Extensible Markup Language (XML).  XML is a subset of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).     The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is the universal format for structured documents and data on the Web.     Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.
599	Highly respected OpenBSD, OpenSSH programmer.
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583	A statistically-based learning theory used in pattern recognition, regression estimation, and linear operation inversion.
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607	Tandy made some of the best, most powerful computers a long time ago.
603	This category is on database programming languages, database-oriented languages, and very closely related environments and topics. Such languages are programming languages which only or main purpose is to facilitate database functions: development, management, queries, etc. This is a very large and growing field, especially important to businesses and some institutions.Some of these programming languages may not be in Computers/Programming/Languages but they are still powerful, and often widely used languages. Some are more general and are used with many brands and types of database, and some with only one brand of database.
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604	Software, tools and resources for webmasters for adding an online community to their web server.
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611	Pages about programs that run on Amstrad CPC or CPW platforms; also file archives and software retailers.
569	This category is for home pages of Beowulf clusters.  Most of these are located at universities and research institutions, but some are personal projects, with cluster sizes ranging from three nodes to thousands of nodes.
612	XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) is a language for expressing stylesheets for XML documents. It consists of two parts: a language for transforming XML documents, and an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics.    The originality and power of XSL is to be more general than just describing how XML documents should be presented and to allow as well to describe how these documents can be transformed into other documents.   The part of XSL dealing with document transformation is called XSLT.  The part of XSL dealing with formatting objects is called XSL-FO.   XSL and XSLT are currently the object of working drafts at the W3C.
610	This category is for Personal sites that provide Graphics programming related information of some value.
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609	Topics related to machine vision (automated image analysis.)
619	Commercial bibliographic or full-text databases.
616	Professor John McCarthy is a mathematician, computer scientist, and cognitive scientist; a pioneer in mathematical theory of computation, artificial intelligence (he created the term Artificial Intelligence), and computer programming languages: he invented (some say discovered) Lisp in 1958, one of the oldest and highest level languages, arguably the oldest language in active use today, and maybe the oldest high-level language overall, along with Fortran. Languages of similar vintage are Fortran and Cobol. As of 2001 Jan 1, he is Professor Emeritus of Computer Science, Stanford University, USA.
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618	Links relating to Baystate Technologies' CADKEY CAD software
621	This category is for sites that have accessories/gifts for the computer or computer user.  NOT EQUIPMENT, PERIPHERALS, SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE.  Items that may fit into this category may be, for example, mouse pads, computer covers, tee-shirts, and novelty gifts for computer gurus and users.
620	The DM2 data format is used to record and play back Quake 2 games.
617	Portable Network Graphics.
622	FAQs, Help, and Tutorials, Articles and How-to's on choosing, configuring and using firewalls.
627	Listing of Journals, Magazines, and other publications for General computer science.  Publications for a specific category o