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\section[ó‰Ş‰³‰ƒ‰‘¢ ›‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¤¦÷‰µ‰ƒ‰ß, 7991]
{õ‰Æ‰\hamze ‘ó‰‚û‰‘ı ¨‰ü ø û‰È‰µ‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß  ó‰Ş‰³‰ƒ‰‘¢ ›‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¤ş‰‘®‰ü\\* )õ‰‘¤¢ñ •‰… —‰‘, ¤¦÷‰µ‰ƒ‰ß(, 7991 }
\begin{enumerate}
\item ¢¤ ¬‰Ô‰½‰\hamze ‚ õ‰¿‰µ‰Ê‰‘– ÷‰Ö‰‘¯ “‰‘ õ‰¿‰µ‰Ê‰‘– ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼ ¤\hamze ¨‰ú‰‘ı  õ‰Â“‰ã‰ú‰‘ı “‰‚ õ‰Æ‰‘Ÿ‰´ øŸ‰À÷‰À.
ş‰ß õ‰Â“‰ã‰ú‰‘ “‰‚ Ï‰¤ ş‰× ¢¤ õ‰ƒ‰‘ö ¨‰ƒ‰‘ù ø ¨‰Ô‰ƒ‰À ª‰Àù÷‰À )õ‰‘÷‰€‰À ¬‰Ô‰½‰\hamze ‚ ª‰Î‰Â÷‰¸(.


“‰‚¥ı û‰Â ¥øš ¥ ä‰À¢ ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼ õ‰·‰±‰´ \InE{}$m$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{} õ‰·‰Ü‰¶ ì‰‘‰İó‰Ãøş‰‚ı ¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Âş‰İ 
î‰‚ ¤\hamze ¨‰ú‰‘ı ö ¢¤ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ê‰‘– ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼
“‰‘ª‰€‰À ø ®‰…á ¥øş‰\hamze ‚  ì‰‘‰Ş‰‚ ö “‰‚ Ï‰ñ \InE{}$m$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{} ¢¤ 
õ‰µ‰À¢ ®‰…á õ‰Â“‰ã‰ú‰‘ı ¬‰Ô‰½‰‚ ì‰Â¤ ğ‰Âê‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À.

ê‰Â­ õ‰üî‰€‰ƒ‰İ \InE{}$S_1$\EnE{} õ‰Æ‰‘Ÿ‰´ î‰Û ì‰Æ‰Ş‰µ‰ú‰‘ı ¨‰ƒ‰‘ù ş‰ß õ‰·‰Ü‰¶ ø \InE{}$S_2$\EnE{} õ‰Æ‰‘Ÿ‰´ î‰Û ì‰Æ‰Ş‰µ‰ú‰‘ı 
¨‰Ô‰ƒ‰À ö “‰‘ª‰À. ì‰Â¤ õ‰ü¢û‰ƒ‰İ
$$f(m,n)=|S_1-S_2|$$
ó‰Ó( \InE{}$f(m,n)$\EnE{} ¤ “‰Âı øì‰µ‰ü î‰‚ \InE{}$m$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰‘ û‰İ ¥øš ş‰‘ “‰‘ û‰İ ê‰Â¢ “‰‘ª‰€‰À Ÿ‰Æ‰‘’ 
î‰€‰ƒ‰À. \\
’( ™‰‘“‰´ î‰€‰ƒ‰À “‰‚¥ı û‰Â \InE{}$m$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{}, 
$$f(m,n)\leq \frac{1}{2}\max\{m,n\}$$
š( ™‰‘“‰´ î‰€‰ƒ‰À î‰‚ û‰ƒ‰º ä‰À¢ ™‰‘“‰µ‰ü õ‰‘÷‰€‰À \InE{}$C$\EnE{} ø›‰¢ ÷‰À¤¢ î‰‚ “‰‚¥ı û‰Â \InE{}$m$\EnE{} 
ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{}, \InE{}$f(m,n)<C$\EnE{}. 
\item ¢¤ õ‰·‰Ü‰¶ \InE{}$ABC$\EnE{} ¥øş‰\hamze ‚  \InE{}$A$\EnE{} î‰‰Ø‰µ‰Âş‰ß ¥øş‰\hamze ‚  õ‰·‰Ü‰¶ ¨‰´. ÷‰Ö‰‘¯ \InE{}$B$\EnE{} ø 
\InE{}$C$\EnE{} õ‰½‰ƒ‰Í ¢ş‰Â\hamze ù  õ‰½‰ƒ‰Î‰ü õ‰·‰Ü‰¶ ¤ “‰‚ ¢ø î‰Ş‰‘ö —‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ õ‰üî‰€‰€‰À. ê‰Â­ î‰€‰ƒ‰À \InE{}$U$\EnE{} 
ş‰× ÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚ ¥ õ‰½‰ƒ‰Í ¢ş‰Âù ¢¤øö ö î‰Ş‰‘ö \InE{}$BC$\EnE{} “‰‘ª‰À î‰‚ ª‰‘õ‰Û \InE{}$A$\EnE{} ÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´. 
ä‰Ş‰¢õ‰€‰Ê‰Ô‰ú‰‘ı \InE{}$AB$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$AC$\EnE{} ¡‰Í \InE{}$AU$\EnE{} ¤ “‰‚—‰Â—‰ƒ‰° ¢¤ \InE{}$V$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$W$\EnE{} ì‰Î‰â õ‰üî‰€‰€‰À. 
¡‰Î‰¯ \InE{}$BV$\EnE{} ø 
\InE{}$CW$\EnE{} ş‰Ø‰Àş‰Ú‰Â ¤ ¢¤ \InE{}$T$\EnE{} ì‰Î‰â õ‰üî‰€‰€‰À. ™‰‘“‰´ î‰€‰ƒ‰À
$$AU=TB+TC$$
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\item ê‰Â­ î‰€‰ƒ‰À \InE{}$x_1$\EnE{}, \InE{}$x_2$\EnE{}, \InE{}$\dots$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$x_n$\EnE{}
ä‰À¢ Ÿ‰Ö‰ƒ‰Ö‰ü “‰‘ª‰€‰À î‰‚ ¢¤ ª‰Âş‰Í
$$|x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n|=1$$
ø
$$|x_i|\leq \frac{n+1}{2},\qquad i=1,2,\ldots,n$$
¬‰Àë õ‰üî‰€‰€‰À. ™‰‘“‰´ î‰€‰ƒ‰À ›‰‘ş‰Ú‰È‰µ‰ü ¥ \InE{}$x_1$\EnE{}, \InE{}$x_2$\EnE{}, \InE{}$\dots$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$x_n$\EnE{}
õ‰‘÷‰€‰À \InE{}$y_1$\EnE{}, \InE{}$y_2$\EnE{}, \InE{}$\dots$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$y_n$\EnE{}
ø›‰¢ ¢¤¢ î‰‚
$$|y_1+2y_2+\cdots+ny_n|\leq \frac{n+1}{2}$$
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\item õ‰‘—‰Âş‰Æ‰ü  \InE{}$n\times n$\EnE{} ¤
 î‰‚ ¢¤ş‰‚û‰‘ı ö ¥ õ‰¹‰Ş‰ä‰\hamze ‚ \InE{}$S=\{1,2,\ldots,2n-1\}$\EnE{} 
÷‰µ‰¿‰‘’ ª‰Àù÷‰À õ‰‘—‰Âş‰Å ÷‰Ö‰Âùı õ‰ü÷‰‘õ‰ƒ‰İ
 ğ‰Â “‰‚¥ı û‰Â \InE{}$i=1,2,\ldots,n$\EnE{}, ¨‰Î‰Â \InE{}$i$\EnE{} ô 
ø ¨‰µ‰ö \InE{}$i$\EnE{} ô ¤øı û‰İ ä‰Ì‰‘ı  \InE{}$S$\EnE{} ¤ ª‰‘õ‰Û ª‰÷‰À. 
÷‰È‰‘ö ¢û‰ƒ‰À\\
ó‰Ó( û‰ƒ‰º õ‰‘—‰Âş‰Å ÷‰Ö‰Âùı “‰Âı \InE{}$n=1997$\EnE{} ø›‰¢ ÷‰À¤¢. \\
’( õ‰‘—‰Âş‰Æ‰ú‰‘ı ÷‰Ö‰Âùı “‰‚¥ı —‰ã‰À¢ ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰€‰‘û‰ü ¥ \InE{}$n$\EnE{} ø›‰¢ ¢¤¢. 
\item û‰Ş‰‚ ¥ø›‰ú‰‘ı \InE{}$(a,b)$\EnE{} ¥ ä‰À¢ ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼ ¤
 î‰‚ \InE{}$a\geq 1$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$b\geq 1$\EnE{}  •‰ƒ‰À î‰€‰ƒ‰À î‰‚ ¢¤ 
õ‰ã‰‘¢ó‰\hamze ‚  ¥ş‰Â ¬‰Àë î‰€‰€‰À: 
$${a^b}^{2}=b^a$$
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\item “‰‚¥ı û‰Â ä‰À¢ Ï‰±‰ƒ‰ã‰ü õ‰‘÷‰€‰À \InE{}$n$\EnE{} ê‰Â­ î‰€‰ƒ‰À \InE{}$f(n)$\EnE{} —‰ã‰À¢ ÷‰Ş‰‘ş‰È‰ú‰‘ı \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰‚¬‰¤– 
õ‰¹‰Ş‰á  —‰÷‰ú‰‘ı ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼ ø ÷‰‘õ‰€‰Ô‰ü ¥ ä‰À¢ 2 “‰‘ª‰À.
÷‰Ş‰‘ş‰È‰ú‰‘ş‰ü î‰‚ ê‰Ö‰Í ¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â —‰Â—‰ƒ‰° ÷‰ª‰µ‰ß ä‰À¢ õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø–÷‰À ş‰Ø‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰Æ‰‘’ õ‰üş‰€‰À. 
õ‰·‰\nasb … \InE{}$f(4)=4$\EnE{} ¥ş‰Â î‰‚ ä‰À¢ 4 ¤ “‰‚ ‰ú‰‘¤ ª‰Ø‰Û “‰‚ ¬‰¤– õ‰¹‰Ş‰á —‰÷‰ú‰‘ı 2 õ‰ü—‰ö 
÷‰ª‰´ ş‰ã‰€‰ü 4, 2 + 2, 1 + 1 + 2, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. 
™‰‘“‰´ î‰€‰ƒ‰À “‰‚¥ı û‰Â ä‰À¢ ¬‰½‰ƒ‰¼ \InE{}$n\geq 3$\EnE{},
$$2^{\frac{n^2}{4}}<f(2^n)<2^{\frac{n^2}{2}}$$
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