%    ¢¤ �ş‰ß›‰‘ ÷‰Ş‰�÷‰‚�ı �¥ ş‰× õ‰Ö‰‘ó‰‚ı ÷‰Æ‰±‰µ‰\nasb ‘ “‰Ã¤ï  ª‰‘õ‰Û ª‰Ø‰Û, õ‰Â�›‰â, ø ...
%    �¨‰´ ¤� õ‰ü“‰ƒ‰€‰ƒ‰À. 
%    ¢¤ �ş‰ß õ‰Ö‰‘ó‰‚ �¥ \InE{}ffancyhe\EnE{} “‰Â�ı Ÿ‰Âøꉻ‰ƒ‰€‰ü ¡‰�¢î‰‘¤ \InE{}header\EnE{} ø \InE{}footer\EnE{} ¬‰Ô‰½‰‚û‰‘ 
%    �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´.
%    ª‰Ø‰Ûû‰‘ı �ş‰ß õ‰Ö‰‘ó‰‚ “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �õ‰Ø‰‘÷‰‘– \InE{}Picture\EnE{} õ‰�›‰�¢ ¢¤ \InE{}LaTeX\EnE{} ¤¨‰İ 
%    ª‰Àù�÷‰À. “‰Â�ı ¤¨‰İ ª‰Ø‰Ûû‰‘ �¥ \InE{}emlines\EnE{} ÷‰ƒ‰Ã �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´.

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\title{ %\azl 
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù�ı}
\author{%\azl 
õ‰Âş‰İ �ª‰�ş‰ü \ ø \  õ‰½‰\tashdid މÀ õ‰ú‰Àş‰‘ö
\\ \\ ¢�÷‰È‰Ø‰À\hamze ù õ‰ú‰€‰À¨‰ü õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â\\ ¢�÷‰È‰Ú‰‘ù ¬‰€‰ã‰µ‰ü ª‰Âş‰Ó}
\begin{document}
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\centerline{%\azs 
“‰‚ ÷‰‘ô ¡‰À�            }
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\begin{abstract}
%\azit
ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı �¨‰´  ¢¤ �ö �‰€‰À
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù Ÿ‰Ì‰�¤ ¢�¤÷‰À ø �ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰Â�ı Ÿ‰Û ş‰×
õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ ¢¤ ¨‰Î‰�� õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü “‰‘ û‰İ û‰Ş‰Ø‰‘¤ı õ‰ü‰€‰À.
“‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û ó‰Ãøô “‰Âì‰Â�¤ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó ¢¤ ş‰×
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, õ‰Æ‰‘�‰Û õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü �¥ 쉱‰ƒ‰Û ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı �¤—‰±‰‘ωü,
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí, ø �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¢¤ õ‰±‰½‰¶ õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı �ş‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘
õ‰Î‰Â� õ‰üª‰�¢.
¢¤ �ş‰ß õ‰Ö‰‘ó‰‚ ¨‰ã‰ü ¢�¤ş‰İ õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¤�
“‰‚ ω�¤ �›‰Ş‰‘ó‰ü õ‰�¤¢ “‰Â¤¨‰ü ì‰Â�¤ ¢û‰ƒ‰İ.

\vspace{5mm}
\noindent %\azit 
ø�¦ùû‰‘ı î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àı:
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, ¤ø©û‰‘ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ, Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí, ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü.
\end{abstract}

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\section{%\azbs 
õ‰Ö‰Àõ‰‚}
%\az
û‰Àé �¥ �¡‰µ‰Â�á õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â •‰Â¢�¥© 䉪‰Ü‰ƒ‰‘– “‰‘ ¨‰Â䉴 ø ¢ì‰´ ¥ş‰‘¢
“‰�¢. ¨‰Â䉴 䉪‰Ü‰ƒ‰‘– •‰Â¢�¥© ¢¤ õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı �ø󉃉‚ •‰‘¨‰¾ğ‰�ı
÷‰ƒ‰‘¥û‰‘ı �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù‰€‰Àğ‰‘ö �¥ õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â ÷‰±‰�¢. �“‰µ‰À�
—‰Ê‰�¤ õ‰üª‰À 
õ‰ü—‰��ö ¨‰Â䉴 •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ ¤� “‰‚ û‰Â õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ¢�¢.
�õ‰‘ “‰‚ ¥ø¢ı ¢¤ş‰‘ꉵ‰€‰À  �ş‰ß ¨‰Â䉴 —‰‘ Ÿ‰Àı 쉑“‰Û
�ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç �¨‰´ ø �¥ �ö Ÿ‰À “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ÷‰Ş‰ü—‰��÷‰À �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À.
)û‰Â �‰€‰À û‰€‰�¥ “‰‚ �ş‰ß Ÿ‰À ÷‰Â¨‰ƒ‰Àù�ş‰İ.(
䉅øù “‰Â �ş‰ß ¤“‰Â¢û‰‘ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â ¤ø¥ “‰‚ ¤ø¥
•‰ƒ‰»‰ƒ‰Àù—‰Â ª‰À÷‰À ø �¥ •‰Â¢�¥© ¢�¢ùû‰‘\footnote{\InE{}Data Processing\EnE{}}, “‰‚
•‰Â¢�¥© �ω…䉑–\footnote{\InE{}Information Processing\EnE{}},
•‰Â¢�¥© ¢�÷‰Ç\footnote{\InE{}Knowledge Processing\EnE{}}, ø “‰‚ —‰À¤ş‰¸ “‰‚ ¨‰�ı
•‰Â¢�¥© û‰�ª‰Ş‰€‰Àı\footnote{\InE{}Intelligence Processing\EnE{}} õ‰ƒ‰Û î‰Â¢÷‰À.
�õ‰Âø¥ù ¢¤ ¤û‰‘ş‰ü õ‰‘÷‰€‰À •‰ƒ‰Ç“‰ƒ‰€‰ü ø®‰â û‰��, õ‰½‰‘¨‰±‰‘–
��‰Âø¢ş‰€‰‘õ‰ƒ‰Ø‰ü, �‰È‰‘é õ‰ã‰‘¢ö, û‰�© õ‰Ê‰€‰�ä‰ü, ø 艃‰Âù ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ “‰‚
¨‰Â䉴û‰‘ş‰ü ¢�¤ş‰İ  Ÿ‰µ‰‘ �ğ‰Â õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ  ¨‰Â䉴
�÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ �ω…䉑– ¢¤ �ö “‰Â�“‰Â “‰‘ ¨‰Â䉴 ÷‰�¤ “‰‘ª‰À, ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ õ‰‘
“‰Â�ø¤¢ù ÷‰Ş‰üª‰�¢.
¢¤ ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ ωÂ�Ÿ‰‘ö õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â “‰‚ ê‰Ø‰Â ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı
›‰Àş‰À õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı �ꉵ‰‘¢÷‰À.
õ‰�ê‰Õ—‰Âş‰ß —‰Ô‰Ø‰Âı  ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¥õ‰ƒ‰€‰‚ õ‰Î‰Â� ª‰À, •‰Â¢�¥©
õ‰��¥ı “‰�¢. •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰��¥ı “‰‚ õ‰ã‰€‰ü �÷‰¹‰‘ô û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö �‰€‰À
¤ —‰�¨‰Í �‰€‰À ø�Ÿ‰À •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â �¨‰´.
“‰Â�ı •‰ƒ‰‘¢ù¨‰‘¥ı �ş‰ß —‰Ô‰Ø‰Â, ¤ø©û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢
 ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ õ‰�ê‰Õ—‰Âş‰ß �öû‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘¨‰´.
\cite{Hwang84}

¢¤ �ş‰ß õ‰Ö‰‘ó‰‚ ¨‰ã‰ü ¢�¤ş‰İ õ‰Æ‰‘�‰Û �¬‰Ü‰ü õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
¤� õ‰�¤¢ “‰Â¤¨‰ü ì‰Â�¤ ¢û‰ƒ‰İ. “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ �“‰µ‰À� ¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç
\ref{Parallel} ¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ ¤ø©û‰‘ı •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰��¥ı ø ›‰‘ş‰Ú‰‘ù ø �û‰Ş‰ƒ‰´
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¬‰½‰±‰´ ¡‰��û‰ƒ‰İ î‰Â¢. ¨‰³‰Å ¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç
\ref{Struct} �÷‰��á õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ıû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ø
ø ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´û‰‘ı �¬‰Ü‰ü �öû‰‘ ¤� õ‰�¤¢ “‰Â¤¨‰ü ì‰Â�¤ õ‰ü¢û‰ƒ‰İ.
¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç \ref{Symm} ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤� “‰‚ ¢ø ¢¨‰µ‰‚ı
õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö ø ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö —‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ“‰€‰Àı î‰Â¢ù ø ¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ ¡‰Ê‰�¬‰ƒ‰‘– î‰Ü‰ü
�ş‰ß ¢ø ¢¨‰µ‰‚ “‰¹‰¶ õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ.
¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç \ref{Interconn} “‰‚ “‰Â¤¨‰ü �÷‰��á õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘  õ‰ú‰Ş‰µ‰Âş‰ß ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
�¨‰´ õ‰ü•‰Â¢�¥ş‰İ.
¢¤ •‰‘ş‰‘ö, ¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç \ref{Cache}, ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ õ‰Æ‰‘�‰Û õ‰ú‰Ş‰ü  ¢¤ ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ �ö “‰Â¡‰�¤¢ õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ, ş‰ã‰€‰ü õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı
�÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Cache Coherency\EnE{}} ¤� õ‰Î‰Â� î‰Â¢ù ø ¤�ùŸ‰Ûû‰‘ş‰ü “‰Â�ı �ö
�¤��‰‚ õ‰ü¢û‰ƒ‰İ.


\section{\label{Parallel} ›‰‘ş‰Ú‰‘ù �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¢¤ •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰��¥ı}
¢¤ õ‰Ö‰Àõ‰‚ ğ‰Ô‰µ‰ƒ‰İ  ωÂ�Ÿ‰‘ö ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı “‰Â�ı
¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ ¨‰Â䉴û‰‘ı •‰Â¢�¥ª‰ü “‰‘„—‰Â, �ş‰Àùı •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰��¥ı
ş‰ã‰€‰ü �÷‰¹‰‘ô û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö ¤û‰‘ ¤� õ‰Î‰Â� î‰Â¢÷‰À.
“‰Â�ı •‰ƒ‰‘¢ù¨‰‘¥ı �ş‰ß �ş‰Àù, ¤ø©û‰‘ı õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø—‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢
�¥ 쉱‰ƒ‰Û �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ ¡‰Í ó‰�ó‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Pipeline\EnE{}},
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı\footnote{\InE{}Vector Processors\EnE{}},
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, ø •‰Â¢�¥©
—‰�¥ş‰â ª‰Àù\footnote{\InE{}Distributed Processing\EnE{}} ¢¤ ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı.

õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ �¥ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ ¡‰Í ó‰�ó‰‚ ¢¤ ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �ş‰ß �¨‰´ 
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰µ‰��÷‰À �›‰Â�ı ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´û‰‘ş‰ü �¥ û‰Â ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ ¤� û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö “‰‘
�›‰Â�ı ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´û‰‘ş‰ü �¥ ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ ¢ş‰Ú‰Â �÷‰¹‰‘ô ¢û‰À. “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ ¢¤ ¥õ‰‘÷‰ü 
ş‰× ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ �›‰Â� õ‰üª‰�¢, ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ “‰ã‰Àı ¤� ø�î‰È‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Fetch\EnE{}} ‰À.
�ş‰ß ¤ø© �õ‰Âø¥ù ¢¤ �è‰Ü‰° •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰�¤¢ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ì‰Â�¤ õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â¢.

•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı ş‰‘ �¤�ş‰‚�ı\footnote{\InE{}Array Processors\EnE{}}, •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ş‰ü û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À  ¢¤ �öû‰‘ ş‰×
ø�Ÿ‰À ‰µ‰Âñ ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢  �‰€‰Àş‰ß ø�Ÿ‰À õ‰½‰‘¨‰±‰‘– ä‰À¢ı ø õ‰€‰Î‰Ö‰ü )\InE{}ALU\EnE{}(
 “‰‚ �öû‰‘ 䉀‰Ê‰Â •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â\footnote{\InE{}Processing Element\EnE{}} ÷‰ƒ‰Ã ğ‰Ô‰µ‰‚ õ‰üª‰�¢, ¤� ‰µ‰Âñ
õ‰ü‰€‰À.
䉀‰‘¬‰Â •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– û‰Ş‰Ú‰‘ô ª‰Àù\footnote{\InE{}Synchronized\EnE{}} 䉪‰Û õ‰ü‰€‰À ø “‰‘ ş‰×
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À  õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ �ö �ω…䉑—‰ü
¤� “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰€‰µ‰Ö‰Û ‰€‰À.
¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢ 
“‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ı �¥ �öû‰‘ õ‰‘÷‰€‰À ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°, ¢¤ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
÷‰ƒ‰Ã “‰‚ ¤ õ‰ü¤ø÷‰À.
û‰Â ş‰× �¥ 䉀‰‘¬‰Â •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ÷‰ƒ‰Ã
“‰Â�ı ¡‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À.
�‰€‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ş‰ü õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À ş‰× 䉪‰Û ¤� ¢¤
ş‰× 󉽉щ‚ ¤øı Ÿ‰¹‰İ ¥ş‰‘¢ı �¥ ¢�¢ùû‰‘ �÷‰¹‰‘ô ¢û‰€‰À. “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ
õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À ¢ø “‰Â¢�¤ ¤� “‰‘ û‰İ ›‰Ş‰â ‰€‰À ø ş‰‘ ¢ø õ‰‘—‰Âş‰Å
¤� ¢¤ û‰İ ®‰Â’ ‰€‰À.
õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı \InE{}MPP\EnE{} )•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰��¥ı �÷‰±‰�ù\footnote{\InE{}Massively Parallel Processor\EnE{}}(
�¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı “‰‘ —‰ã‰À�¢ ¥ş‰‘¢ı 䉀‰Ê‰Â •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰€‰À ø �õ‰Âø¥ù “‰‚ 䉀‰��ö ì‰À¤—‰Ş‰€‰À—‰Âş‰ß õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı
›‰ú‰‘ö “‰Â�ı �÷‰¹‰‘ô ¤û‰‘ş‰ü  ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ “‰‚ Ÿ‰¹‰İ õ‰½‰‘¨‰±‰‘– “‰‘„ ¢�¤¢ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
õ‰üª‰�÷‰À.

õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ �¥ ş‰× �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü �¨‰´  ¢¤ �ö �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤÷‰À  õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ ω�¤ û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö 䉪‰Û ‰€‰À.
�ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‘ û‰İ �¤—‰±‰‘¯ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À ø “‰‚ õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤
Ÿ‰Û ş‰× õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ “‰‘ û‰İ û‰Ş‰Ø‰‘¤ı ‰€‰À.
î‰Û ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù —‰�¨‰Í ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û ‰µ‰Âñ
õ‰üª‰�¢.

—‰Ô‰‘ø– �¬‰Ü‰ü �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‘ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰Â¢�¤ı
¢¤ �ş‰ß �¨‰´ 
¢¤ ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰Â¢�¤ı ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢  ¢¤
û‰Â 󉽉щ‚ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À —‰€‰ú‰‘ ş‰× ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ ¤� ¤øı �‰€‰À ¢�¢ù �÷‰¹‰‘ô ¢û‰À
øó‰ü �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢¤ û‰Â 󉽉щ‚ �‰€‰À ¢¨‰µ‰�¤�ó‰ã‰Ş‰Û ¤� �÷‰¹‰‘ô õ‰ü¢û‰À.
“‰‚ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û �¨‰´  “‰€‰‘ “‰‚
—‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ “‰€‰Àıê‰Ü‰ƒ‰ß\footnote{\InE{}Flynn's Classification\EnE{}},
“‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı, õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı
ş‰× ¢¨‰µ‰�¤-�‰€‰À ¢�¢ù\footnote{\InE{}Single Instruction Stream-Multiple Data Stream\EnE{}}
 )\InE{}SIMD\EnE{}(, ø “‰‚  �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı
�‰€‰À ¢¨‰µ‰�¤-�‰€‰À ¢�¢ù\footnote{\InE{}Multiple Instruction Stream-Multiple Data Stream\EnE{}}
)\InE{}MIMD\EnE{}( ğ‰Ô‰µ‰‚ õ‰üª‰�¢.

䉅øù “‰Â �ş‰ß ¢¤ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı 䉀‰‘¬‰Â •‰Â¢�¥ª‰Ú‰Â “‰‚ ¬‰�¤–
û‰Ş‰Ú‰‘ô ª‰Àù 䉪‰Û õ‰ü‰€‰À, ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü  ¢¤ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ û‰Â ş‰× �¥
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¤ ¡‰�¢ª‰‘ö ¤� �÷‰¹‰‘ô õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À ø ê‰Ö‰Í ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  „¥ô
“‰‘ª‰À, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ “‰‘ “‰Âì‰Â�¤ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰ƒ‰ß �öû‰‘, �öû‰‘
¤� û‰Ş‰‘û‰€‰Ù ‰ƒ‰İ. õ‰È‰Ø‰Û “‰Ã¤ï �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰Â¢�¤ı �ş‰ß
�¨‰´  “‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ ¨‰Â䉴û‰‘ı “‰‘„ ¤øı �ş‰ß õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘, “‰‘ş‰À
�ó‰Ú‰�¤ş‰µ‰İû‰‘ı ›‰Àş‰Àı “‰Â�ı õ‰Æ‰‘�‰Û •‰ƒ‰À� ‰ƒ‰İ  “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– õ‰��¥ı 䉪‰Û
‰€‰À. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß “‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ı �¥ ÷‰Âô�ê‰Ã�¤û‰‘, “‰‘ş‰À ¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ �ş‰ß õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘
�¥ �“‰µ‰À� ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü ª‰�÷‰À. ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü  ¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù,
õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ ¤ø©û‰‘ı �‰€‰À“‰Â÷‰‘õ‰Ú‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Multiprogramming\EnE{}}
�¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ‰ƒ‰İ. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß —‰€‰ú‰‘
“‰‚ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ䉑õ‰Û ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ ¢�¤ş‰İ  “‰µ‰��÷‰À ¤û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó ¤�
“‰Â�ı �›‰Â� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó “‰Æ‰³‰‘¤¢.    \cite{Hwang84}

ª‰±‰‘û‰´ ¥ş‰‘¢ı “‰ƒ‰ß ş‰× �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø ş‰×
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢, ø �‰€‰‘ö�‰‚ ¢¤ ê‰Ê‰Û “‰ã‰À ¡‰��û‰ƒ‰İ ¢ş‰À,
õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı ş‰× �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´, “‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ ª‰±‰ƒ‰‚ “‰‚
õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı �¨‰´. øó‰ü —‰Ô‰‘ø– �¨‰‘¨‰ü�ı
 “‰ƒ‰ß �öû‰‘ ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢, ¢¤ �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ş‰× �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ş‰× õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â “‰‘ �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �¨‰´, ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü  ¢¤ ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚
—‰ã‰À�¢ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢ 
õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ꉃ‰Ãş‰Ø‰ü �¥ û‰İ ¢ø¤ “‰‘ª‰€‰À ø û‰Â î‰À�ô
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û ¡‰�¢ ¤� ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À.

“‰‚ ω�¤ î‰Ü‰ü �¥ ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
�û‰À�é ¥ş‰Â ¢÷‰±‰‘ñ õ‰üª‰�¢:
\begin{itemize}
\item ¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ ¤�ş‰ü “‰‘„—‰Â
\item ¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ 쉑“‰Ü‰ƒ‰´ �ωމƒ‰€‰‘ö “‰‘„—‰Â
\item û‰Ãş‰€‰‚ı ‰µ‰Â ÷‰Æ‰±‰´ “‰‚ �“‰Âõ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘
\end{itemize}
õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ �¥ 쉑“‰Ü‰ƒ‰´ �ωމƒ‰€‰‘ö “‰‘„—‰Â �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �ğ‰Â ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¡‰Â�’ ª‰�¢, •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À
›‰‘ı �ö ¤� “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À ø “‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‚ ¤ ¡‰�¢ �¢�õ‰‚
¢û‰À.   \cite{Stone93}

û‰Ãş‰€‰‚ı ‰µ‰Â �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, �÷‰Ú‰ƒ‰Ãùı õ‰ú‰Ş‰ü ¢¤ ğ‰Â�ş‰Ç “‰‚
¨‰Ş‰´ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ ›‰‘ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¨‰Âş‰â
�¨‰´. õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı õ‰ú‰İ ¢ş‰Ú‰Â �ş‰ß �¨‰´  •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı “‰‘ ¨‰Â䉴 “‰‘„
“‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¢¤ �÷‰½‰Ê‰‘¤ î‰È‰�¤û‰‘ı �õ‰Âş‰Ø‰‘ ø ¦�•‰ß û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À ø “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ ›‰‘ı —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¨‰Âş‰â ¤�û‰ü “‰Â�ı
¤û‰‘ş‰ü �¥ ø�“‰Æ‰µ‰Ú‰ü “‰‚ �ş‰ß î‰È‰�¤û‰‘¨‰´ ø “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ¨‰ƒ‰‘¨‰ü
ø �쉵‰Ê‰‘¢ı Ÿ‰‘�‰Ã �û‰Ş‰ƒ‰´ �¨‰´.

\section{\label{Struct} ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘}
“‰‚ ω�¤ î‰Ü‰ü ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤� “‰Â �¨‰‘§ õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ıª‰‘ö
õ‰ü—‰��ö “‰‚ ¢ø ¢¨‰µ‰‚ —‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ î‰Â¢:
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´\footnote{\InE{}Loosely Coupled Systems\EnE{}}, ø
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰¿‰´\footnote{\InE{}Tightly Coupled Systems\EnE{}}.

�󉱉µ‰‚ �ş‰ß —‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ“‰€‰Àı ¢¤ ø�ì‰â ¢ø Ÿ‰‘ó‰´ �ê‰Â�ωü ¢¤ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ¤� ÷‰È‰‘ö õ‰ü¢û‰À. û‰Â ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ø�ì‰ã‰ü, õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ ¢¤ “‰ã‰Ì‰ü ›‰ú‰‘–
“‰‚ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´ ø ¢¤ ›‰ú‰‘– ¢ş‰Ú‰Â “‰‚ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‘
�—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰¿‰´ ª‰±‰‘û‰´ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À. ¢¤ �ş‰ß “‰¿‰Ç û‰Â ¢øı �ş‰ß õ‰Àñû‰‘
¤� “‰Â�ı ª‰€‰‘¡‰´ ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, õ‰�¤¢
“‰Â¤¨‰ü ì‰Â�¤ õ‰ü¢û‰ƒ‰İ.   \cite{Mano93, Hwang84}

\subsection{¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´}
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤, û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢�¤�ı õ‰Ö‰À�¤ ¥ş‰‘¢ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü
ø ¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ù ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü õ‰Â“‰�¯ “‰‚ ¡‰�¢ õ‰ü“‰‘ª‰À, “‰‚ ω�¤ı  è‰‘ó‰° ¢¨‰µ‰�¤�–
ø ¢�¢ùû‰‘ı õ‰�¤¢ ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ ¤� ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ¡‰�¢ õ‰üş‰‘“‰À.
“‰‚ õ‰¹‰Ş‰�䉂ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü, ø
ø�¨‰Î‰û‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü\footnote{\InE{}I/O Interfaces\EnE{}},
ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı\footnote{\InE{}Computer Module\EnE{}}
õ‰üğ‰�ş‰€‰À. )ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{LC}( �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰ƒ‰ß ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ
•‰ƒ‰‘ô\footnote{\InE{}Message Transfer System\EnE{}} �÷‰¹‰‘ô õ‰üª‰�¢.
¢¤›‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ “‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß �¨‰´. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ “‰‚ �‰€‰ƒ‰ß
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ —‰�¥ş‰â ª‰Àù\footnote{\InE{}Distributed System\EnE{}} ÷‰ƒ‰Ã õ‰üğ‰�ş‰€‰À.
%\begin{figure}
%         CAS\InF{}ª‰Ø‰Û ¬‰Ô‰½‰‚ı 164 ‰‘’ û‰��÷‰Ù, “‰‘ Ÿ‰Áé ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´ \EnF{}
\english
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\caption{ \label{LC} ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´ õ‰µ‰È‰Ø‰Û �¥ \InE{}$N$\EnE{} ø�Ÿ‰À õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âı }
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\farsi

ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´ ø쉵‰ü ¤�¨‰´  õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö õ‰½‰‘ø¤ù “‰ƒ‰ß ¤û‰‘ş‰ü
 ¤øı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À, î‰İ “‰‘ª‰À.
“‰Â�ı ¤û‰‘ş‰ü  “‰‚ õ‰½‰‘ø¤ùı ¥ş‰‘¢ ¢¤ “‰ƒ‰ß
¡‰�¢ª‰‘ö ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ ¢�¤÷‰À �¥ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰¿‰´
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢.

¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô õ‰ú‰Ş‰µ‰Âş‰ß 䉑õ‰Û —‰ã‰ƒ‰ƒ‰ß ‰€‰Àùı ¤�ş‰ü
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �¨‰´.
¢¤ �‰€‰ƒ‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù\footnote{\InE{}Bus\EnE{}}
õ‰È‰µ‰Âí )õ‰·‰Û õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â \InE{}PDP-11\EnE{}( ş‰‘ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı
õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰‘ª‰À.
¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ş‰ü  �¥ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰€‰À,
¤�ş‰ü “‰‚ —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰ƒ‰‘ôû‰‘ş‰ü  ¤øı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�÷‰À,
ω�ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ôû‰‘, ø Ò‰Âꉃ‰´ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù “‰Æ‰µ‰Ú‰ü ¢�¤¢.
ø쉵‰ü  —‰ã‰À�¢ ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À,
¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı\footnote{\InE{}Contention\EnE{}} ¢¤ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ÷‰ƒ‰Ã “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â õ‰üª‰�¢.
“‰Â�ı •‰ƒ‰‘¢ù¨‰‘¥ı ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí,
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¤—‰±‰‘ωü ¤� õ‰ü—‰��ö “‰‚
¬‰�¤– ş‰× ¢¨‰µ‰‚ ¢¤ğ‰‘ù\footnote{\InE{}Port\EnE{}} õ‰€‰Î‰Ö‰ü  û‰Â î‰À�ô �¥ �öû‰‘ “‰‚ ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
�¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘« ş‰‘ꉵ‰‚ �¨‰´ ø û‰Ş‰‚ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ �öû‰‘ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü ¢�¤÷‰À, —‰Ê‰�¤ î‰Â¢.
“‰Â�ı û‰Â •‰Âø¨‰Æ‰ü  ¤øı ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ �›‰Â�¨‰´ ÷‰ƒ‰Ã
ş‰× ¢¤ğ‰‘ù ø¤ø¢ı ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü �ö •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ğ‰Âꉵ‰‚
õ‰üª‰�¢. û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‘ û‰Â î‰À�ô �¥ •‰Â¢�¥©û‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â �¤—‰±‰‘¯
“‰Âì‰Â�¤ ‰À. �ğ‰Â ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥© “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰‘ •‰Â¢�¥©
¢ş‰Ú‰Âı  ¤øı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¡‰�¢© �›‰Â� õ‰üª‰�¢ �¤—‰±‰‘¯ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚
“‰‘ª‰À, •‰ƒ‰ç‰‘ô ¡‰�¢ ¤� ¢¤ ¢¤ğ‰‘ù ø¤ø¢ı�ı  “‰Â�ı �ö •‰Â¢�¥© ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı
õ‰½‰Ü‰ü •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
�¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘« ş‰‘ꉵ‰‚ �¨‰´ ì‰Â�¤ õ‰ü¢û‰À ø �ğ‰Â “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰‘ •‰Â¢�¥ª‰ü
 ¤øı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı �›‰Â� õ‰üª‰�¢ �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰Âì‰Â�¤ ‰À,
•‰ƒ‰ç‰‘ô ¡‰�¢ ¤� ¢¤ ¢¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰Â“‰�¯ “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı �ö •‰Â¢�¥©
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¤—‰±‰‘ωü ì‰Â�¤ õ‰ü¢û‰À.

¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô  “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí •‰ƒ‰‘¢ù¨‰‘¥ı
ª‰Àù �¨‰´, 䉑õ‰Û õ‰½‰Àø¢ ‰€‰Àù, õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı ¢¤¡‰��¨‰´ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Memory Module\EnE{}} “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö �¥ ¨‰�ı �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �¨‰´.
\cite{Hwang84}

¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ ¤ø©û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, ¢¤ “‰¿‰Ç
\ref{Interconn} “‰‚ ω�¤ õ‰Ô‰Ê‰Û ¬‰½‰±‰´ ¡‰��û‰ƒ‰İ î‰Â¢.

\subsection{¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰¿‰´}
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤, ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ø›‰�¢
¢�¤¢. ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı î‰��‰× õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Cache\EnE{}}
÷‰ƒ‰Ã õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ ¢¤ û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø›‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À.

“‰Â�ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘ ş‰Ø‰Àş‰Ú‰Â ø
û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß “‰‘ ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ø ¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü
¨‰‚ ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢. �ş‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ 䉱‰‘¤—‰€‰À �¥:
\begin{itemize}
\item ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù - Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Processor-Memory Interconnection Network\EnE{}} )\InE{}PMIN\EnE{}(
\item ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñ øì‰Ô‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Interrupt Signal Interconnection Network\EnE{}} )\InE{}ISIN\EnE{}(
\item ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü - •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù\footnote{\InE{}I/O-Processor Interconnection Network\EnE{}} )\InE{}IOPIN\EnE{}(
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure*}
\english
\hbox to \hsize{\hfill
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.22mm}
\begin{picture}(340,360)(0,0)
\special{em:linewidth 0.5pt}
\linethickness{0.5pt}
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\put( 90,  0) {\framebox(30,20){$l$}}
\put(145, 10) {\vector(-1,0){20}}
\put(150, 10) {\makebox(0,0)[l]{\InF{}  ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚\EnF{}}}
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\put( 15, 20) {\vector(0,1){25}}
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\put(105, 20) {\vector(0,1){25}}
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\put(  0, 45) {\framebox(120,40){PMIN}}
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\put( 30,205) {\line(1,0){170}}
\put(120,255) {\line(1,0){80}}
\put(200,190) {\framebox(60, 80){IOPIN}}
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\put(105,270) {\vector(0,1){50}}
\put(  0,320) {\framebox(120,40){ISIN}}
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\put(300,245) {\framebox(40,20){$d$}}
\put(320,190) {\makebox(0,0)[t]{\InF{}  ¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü\EnF{}}}
\multiput(320,225)(0,5){3}{\circle*{3}}
\put(150,160) {\makebox(0,0)[l]{\InF{} Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü\EnF{}}}
\put(5,235) {\makebox(0,0)[r]{\InF{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘\EnF{}}}
\end{picture}
\hfill}
\vskip5mm
\farsi
%   MM\InF{}ª‰Ø‰Û ¬‰Ô‰½‰‚ı 964 ‰‘’ û‰��÷‰Ù “‰‘ Ÿ‰Áé \EnF{}
\caption{ \label{TC} ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰¿‰´ }
\end{figure*}
\english 
\farsi

\subsubsection{ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù - Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ )\InE{}PMIN\EnE{}(}
øÒ‰ƒ‰Ô‰‚ı \InE{}PMIN\EnE{} �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ø쉵‰ü ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$P$\EnE{} “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰‘ ø�Ÿ‰À

\InE{}$PL$\EnE{} �ş‰¹‰‘¢ õ‰ü‰À ø ¢¤ �ş‰ß õ‰�ì‰â \InE{}$P$\EnE{} õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı \InE{}$L$\EnE{}
¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À. �ğ‰Â �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰¿‰��û‰€‰À “‰‚ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚
¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À, ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı •‰ƒ‰Ç õ‰ü�ş‰À.
¤ \InE{}PMIN\EnE{} ¢¤ �ş‰ß õ‰�ì‰â �ş‰ß �¨‰´  “‰Â�¨‰‘§ ş‰×
¤ø© �øó‰�ş‰´ “‰€‰Àı “‰‚ ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �›‰‘¥ù õ‰ü¢û‰À  �¥ �ö ø�Ÿ‰À
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ‰À. “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß  —‰ã‰À�¢ ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âıû‰‘“‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ î‰İ ª‰�¢,
䉪‰�õ‰‘ —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¤� “‰‘ —‰ã‰À�¢ ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ “‰Â�“‰Â õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À.
û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü “‰Â�ı û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À  �ş‰ß, —‰Â�ꉃ‰× ¤øı \InE{}PMIN\EnE{} ¤� î‰İ õ‰ü‰À.
ø›‰�¢ �ş‰ß Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ¡‰Ê‰�¬‰‘ ø쉵‰ü õ‰\hamze �™‰Â �¨‰´ 
“‰¿‰��û‰ƒ‰İ �¥ õ‰Ø‰‘÷‰ƒ‰Ãô �‰€‰À“‰Â÷‰‘õ‰Ú‰ü ¢¤ û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
‰ƒ‰İ. ¢¤ �ş‰ß Ÿ‰‘ó‰´ õ‰Î‰Ü‰�’ �¨‰´  ø®‰ã‰ƒ‰´ •‰Â¢�¥© õ‰µ‰�ì‰Ó
ª‰Àù\footnote{\InE{}Blocked\EnE{}} ¢¤ ¢¤øö Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ÷‰Ú‰‚¢�¤ı ª‰�¢, ÷‰‚ ¢¤ ¢�¡‰Û Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü õ‰È‰µ‰Âí.
䉅øù “‰Â �ş‰ß õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ î‰À û‰Æ‰µ‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Kernel\EnE{}} ø ›‰Àøñû‰‘ı ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û
÷‰ƒ‰Ã ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ì‰Â�¤ ¢�¢ù õ‰üª‰�÷‰À.
õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}C.mmp\EnE{}  ¢¤ ¢�÷‰È‰Ú‰‘ù
¤÷‰Ú‰üõ‰Ü‰�ö\footnote{\InE{}Carnegie Melon\EnE{}} ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‚ ª‰Àù �¨‰´, 61 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢�¤¢
ø �¥ �ş‰ß õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰À.
\cite{Hwang84}

¢¤ �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¤›‰�á “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ \InE{}PMIN\EnE{}
�¨‰´  �ş‰ß ş‰× —‰‘¡‰ƒ‰Â ¢¤ ¤�ùğ‰Ãş‰€‰ü “‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚
�ş‰¹‰‘¢ õ‰ü‰À ø ¨‰ƒ‰Ø‰Û �›‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç õ‰üş‰‘“‰À ø ¢¤
÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚, ¤�ş‰ü •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß õ‰ü�ş‰À. “‰Â�ı Ÿ‰Û �ş‰ß õ‰È‰Ø‰Û, “‰Â�ı
û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü ì‰Â�¤ õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À 
�ö •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â �ω…䉑– õ‰�¤¢ ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ ¡‰�¢ ¤� õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¡‰�¢ •‰ƒ‰À� ‰À. ø›‰�¢ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
¤�ş‰ü ¤� “‰‚ ÷‰½‰� �‰È‰Ş‰Ú‰ƒ‰Âı �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç õ‰ü¢û‰À,
�‰�ö �¥ ş‰× ωÂé Ÿ‰µ‰‘ �ğ‰Â —‰€‰ú‰‘ ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰È‰ç‰�ñ
“‰‚ ¤ “‰‘ª‰€‰À, ¥õ‰‘ö ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü  “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â �¥
¥õ‰‘ö ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¨‰´, ø �¥ ωÂé ¢ş‰Ú‰Â
�ğ‰Â Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ø›‰�¢ ÷‰À�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À, õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı
¢¤ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü “‰‘„ õ‰ü¤ø¢  �ş‰ß ¤�ş‰ü ¤� •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß õ‰ü�ø¤¢.
�󉱉µ‰‚ ø›‰�¢ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü “‰Â�ı û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù,
õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¤�
�ş‰¹‰‘¢ õ‰ü‰À, “‰‚ �ş‰ß õ‰Ô‰ú‰�ô  û‰Â ğ‰‘ù �ω…䉑– ş‰× õ‰½‰Û Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢¤
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$P_1$\EnE{}, —‰ç‰ƒ‰ƒ‰Â
î‰Â¢, “‰‘ş‰À —‰�›‰‚ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ  �ğ‰Â ş‰Ø‰ü
¢ş‰Ú‰Â �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰·‰Û \InE{}$P_2$\EnE{} ¡‰��¨‰´ �ω…䉑– õ‰�›‰�¢ ¢¤ �ö õ‰½‰Û �¥
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¤� “‰¿‰��÷‰À, “‰‘ş‰À
�ω…䉑– —‰ç‰ƒ‰ƒ‰Â
ş‰‘ꉵ‰‚ ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$P_2$\EnE{} “‰Àû‰ƒ‰İ.
�ş‰ß “‰‘䉶 õ‰üª‰�¢  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü, “‰‘¥¢ù õ‰Û ÷‰À�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À.
“‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù  ¢¤ �ö õ‰Ö‰À�¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü “‰‚
�÷‰À�¥ù�ı �¨‰´  ÷‰Æ‰±‰´ ¡‰Î‰‘\footnote{\InE{}Miss Ratio\EnE{}} ¢¤ �ö “‰‚ 1 ¢¤¬‰À û‰Ç
•‰ƒ‰À� î‰Â¢ù �¨‰´, �÷‰µ‰Ñ‰‘¤ ¢�¤ş‰İ  —‰Â�ꉃ‰× ¤øı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ÷‰ƒ‰Ã
“‰‚ Ÿ‰Àø¢ 1 ¢¤¬‰À õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ø󉃉‚ı ¡‰�¢ û‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À, ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü
 ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‚ ¡‰‘ω �ş‰¹‰‘¢ �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü, —‰Â�ꉃ‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù —‰€‰ú‰‘ “‰‚ 01 —‰‘ 02 ¢¤¬‰À õ‰Ö‰À�¤
�ø󉃉‚ı ¡‰�¢ õ‰ü¤¨‰À. �󉱉µ‰‚ “‰‘ ø›‰�¢ �ş‰ß õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
�¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü “‰‚ ¬‰Âꉂ �¨‰´                      \cite{Stone93}.
¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü, “‰ã‰À� “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¬‰½‰±‰´ ¡‰��û‰ƒ‰İ î‰Â¢.

\subsubsection{ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñ øì‰Ô‰‚ )\InE{}ISIN\EnE{}(}
\InE{}ISIN\EnE{} �›‰‘¥ù õ‰ü¢û‰À  û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, “‰‚ û‰Â ş‰× �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
¢ş‰Ú‰Â øì‰Ô‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Interrupt\EnE{}} “‰Ô‰Â¨‰µ‰À. �ş‰ß õ‰Ø‰‘÷‰ƒ‰Ãô “‰Â�ı
û‰Ş‰‘û‰€‰Ù î‰Â¢ö\footnote{\InE{}Synchronization\EnE{}} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ ¤ õ‰ü�ş‰À.
û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �ş‰ß õ‰Ø‰‘÷‰ƒ‰Ãô ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
 ¡‰Â�’ ª‰Àù �¨‰´, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ¡‰±‰Â ¢û‰À —‰‘ �öû‰‘ “‰µ‰��÷‰€‰À ›‰‘ı �ø ¤� “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À.

\InE{}ISIN\EnE{} õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí
¨‰‘¢ù ø ş‰‘ ş‰× î‰Ü‰ƒ‰À õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘ωâ\footnote{\InE{}Crossbar Switch\EnE{}} •‰ƒ‰»‰ƒ‰Àù “‰‘ª‰À.
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ \InE{}C.mmp\EnE{} �¥ ÷‰�á �øñ ø
õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı \InE{}Univac 1100/80\EnE{} ø \InE{}Honeywell 60/66\EnE{} �¥ ÷‰�á ¢øô
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰€‰À.
ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí �¤¥�ö—‰Â �¨‰´, øó‰ü õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı ø
û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß —‰‘¡‰ƒ‰Â “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û õ‰À�¤�– õ‰€‰Î‰Ö‰ü  “‰‚ õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤
¢�ø¤ı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù\footnote{\InE{}Bus Arbitration\EnE{}} ¢¤ �ö ì‰Â�¤ ¢�¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´, ¥ş‰‘¢
�¨‰´. �õ‰‘ 䉪‰�õ‰‘ —‰Ö‰‘®‰‘ “‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù “‰‚ �÷‰À�¥ù�ı �¨‰´ 
¤ø© ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí ¤�ş‰ü õ‰Î‰Ü‰�“‰ü ¢�¤¢.
\cite{Hwang84}

\subsubsection{ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü - •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù )\InE{}IOPIN\EnE{}(}
¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü “‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰‘ª‰À, “‰Â�ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰ƒ‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ø
¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü “‰‚ ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �¤—‰±‰‘ωü ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ ¢�¤ş‰İ.
�ğ‰Â �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù —‰Ö‰‘®‰‘ı
û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö “‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü ‰€‰À, �ş‰ß
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ øÒ‰ƒ‰Ô‰‚ ¢�¤¢  “‰‚ �ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰Â�¨‰‘§ ş‰×
¤ø© �øó‰�ş‰´ “‰€‰Àı �›‰‘¥ùı ¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ �ö ø�Ÿ‰À ¤� “‰Àû‰À.
\cite{Hwang84}

\section{\label{Symm} ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö ø ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö}
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ¤ı  •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó �÷‰¹‰‘ô
õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À, “‰‚ ¢ø ¢¨‰µ‰‚ı õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö ø ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö —‰Ö‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ õ‰üª‰�÷‰À.

õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ �¥ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü �¨‰´  û‰Ş‰‚ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
¢¤ �ö ¤ ş‰Ø‰Æ‰‘÷‰ü ¤� �÷‰¹‰‘ô õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À. ş‰ã‰€‰ü “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ û‰Æ‰µ‰‚ı
¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û ¤� ÷‰ƒ‰Ã û‰Ş‰‚ı •‰Â�¥¢÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘ û‰İ �›‰Â� õ‰ü‰€‰À.
�‰€‰ƒ‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü ó‰Ãøõ‰‘ “‰‘ş‰À {\it û‰Ş‰Ú‰ß}\footnote{\InE{}Homogeneous\EnE{}} ÷‰ƒ‰Ã “‰‘ª‰À, ş‰ã‰€‰ü û‰Ş‰‚ı
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘ş‰À �¥ —‰��÷‰‘ş‰üû‰‘ı ş‰Ø‰Æ‰‘÷‰ü “‰Â¡‰�¤¢�¤
“‰‘ª‰€‰À. û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß û‰Ş‰‚ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘ş‰À “‰µ‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ û‰Ş‰‚ı
¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü •‰ƒ‰À� ‰€‰À.

“‰Âä‰Ø‰Å, ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 艃‰Â õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö, “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó ¤û‰‘ı
õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø—‰ü ¢�¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢. ş‰ã‰€‰ü õ‰·‰… õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´  ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰�ñ �÷‰¹‰‘ô 䉪‰Ü‰ƒ‰‘– ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü ª‰�¢, •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â
û‰Æ‰µ‰‚ı ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û ¤� �›‰Â� ‰À, ø û‰Â î‰À�ô �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
¢ş‰Ú‰Â ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ •‰Â¢�¥©û‰‘ ¤� �›‰Â� ‰€‰À.

õ‰Ãş‰´ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö ¢¤ �ş‰ß �¨‰´  쉑“‰Ü‰ƒ‰´ �䉵‰Ş‰‘¢ �ö “‰‘„¨‰´
ø —‰��÷‰‘ş‰ü —‰Âõ‰ƒ‰İ ¡‰Î‰‘\footnote{\InE{}Error Recovery\EnE{}} ¢�¤¢;
ş‰ã‰€‰ü �ğ‰Â ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¡‰Â�’ ª‰�¢, “‰Ö‰ƒ‰‚ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À
›‰‘ı �ö ¤� •‰Â ‰€‰À. ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü  ¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö �ş‰ß ω�¤
÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´; ş‰ã‰€‰ü �ğ‰Â “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰�ñ ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü “‰‘ª‰À
ø �ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¡‰Â�’ ª‰�¢, ¢ş‰Ú‰Â ÷‰Ş‰ü—‰��ö “‰‚ ¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü
¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü •‰ƒ‰À� î‰Â¢.
øó‰ü ¢¤ õ‰Ö‰‘“‰Û �ª‰Ø‰‘ñ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö ¢¤ �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û
‰µ‰Âñ ‰€‰Àùı �ö ¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü •‰ƒ‰»‰ƒ‰Àù—‰Â �¥ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Û ‰µ‰Âñ ‰€‰Àùı
ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö �¨‰´.
“‰Â�ı  ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı ÷‰‘õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘¤ö Ÿ‰µ‰‘ õ‰ü—‰��ö �¥ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ 䉑õ‰Ûû‰‘ı õ‰ã‰Ş‰�ó‰ü
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ ÷‰ƒ‰Ã �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù î‰Â¢. \cite{Pountain93, Hwang84}

\section{¤ø©û‰‘ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ \label{Interconn}}
û‰Ş‰‘ö ğ‰�÷‰‚  ¢¤ “‰¿‰Çû‰‘ı •‰ƒ‰Ç �ª‰‘¤ù ª‰À, ¤ø©û‰‘ı
ğ‰�÷‰‘ğ‰�÷‰ü “‰Â�ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ø ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢. õ‰ã‰Ş‰�ñ—‰Âş‰ß �ş‰ß
¤ø©û‰‘ 䉱‰‘¤—‰€‰À �¥:
\begin{itemize}
\item �—‰Ê‰‘ñ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí
\item ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı
\item �—‰Ê‰‘ñû‰‘ı õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘ωâ\footnote{\InE{}Crossbar Interconnections\EnE{}}
\item ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı ¤�ùğ‰Ãş‰ß �‰€‰À¨‰Î‰½‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Multilevel Switched Networks\EnE{}}
\item ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°û‰‘\footnote{\InE{}Hypercubes\EnE{}}
\end{itemize}
¢¤ “‰ƒ‰ß �ş‰ß ¤ø©û‰‘, ¤ø©û‰‘ı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı ø
ê‰�ë õ‰Ø‰ã‰°û‰‘ ê‰Ö‰Í “‰Â�ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ )ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô(
õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ ¤ ğ‰Âꉵ‰‚ ª‰�÷‰À. “‰Ö‰ƒ‰‚ı �ş‰ß ¤ø©û‰‘ û‰İ “‰Â�ı
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô, ø û‰İ “‰Â�ı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù-Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ )\InE{}PMIN\EnE{}(
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�÷‰À.

¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤û‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı ÷‰ƒ‰Ã õ‰‘÷‰€‰À
—‰�¤ıû‰‘ı ¢ø “‰ã‰Àı ø ¨‰‚ “‰ã‰Àı\footnote{\InE{}Two and Three-dimentional Meshes\EnE{}}
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤÷‰À  �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â õ‰€‰Î‰Õ ¤, õ‰È‰‘“‰‚ “‰‘ ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°û‰‘ û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À ø —‰€‰ú‰‘
�¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â —‰�•‰�ó‰�¦ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ “‰‘ �öû‰‘ õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø—‰€‰À.

¢¤ �ş‰ß “‰¿‰Ç û‰Â ş‰× �¥ ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤û‰‘ı ê‰�ë ¤� “‰‚ —‰Ô‰Ê‰ƒ‰Û õ‰�¤¢ “‰Â¤¨‰ü ì‰Â�¤
õ‰ü¢û‰ƒ‰İ.

\subsection{�—‰Ê‰‘ñ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí}
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø© û‰Ş‰‚ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ø ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí
�¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À )ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Bus}(.
û‰Ş‰‘ö ω�¤  ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û ¢ş‰Àù õ‰üª‰�¢, û‰Â ş‰× �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
¢�¤�ı ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü ÷‰ƒ‰Ã û‰Æ‰´.

\begin{figure*}
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\put(  0, 50) {\framebox(60, 20){\InF{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı 2\EnF{}}}
\put(  0, 90) {\framebox(60, 20){\InF{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı 1\EnF{}}}

\put(  2,  2) {\framebox(56,16){}}
\put(  2, 52) {\framebox(56,16){}}
\put(  2, 92) {\framebox(56,16){}}

\put( 60, 10) {\line(1,0){160}}
\put( 60, 60) {\line(1,0){160}}
\put( 60,100) {\line(1,0){160}}

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\put(140, 10) {\line(0,-1){5}}
\put(140, 60) {\line(0,-1){5}}
\put(140,100) {\line(0,-1){5}}

\put(185, 10) {\line(0,-1){5}}
\put(185, 60) {\line(0,-1){5}}
\put(185,100) {\line(0,-1){5}}

\put( 70, -7) {\framebox(40,12){Cache}}
\put( 70, 43) {\framebox(40,12){Cache}}
\put( 70, 83) {\framebox(40,12){Cache}}

\put(120,-20) {\framebox(40,25){\shortstack{\InF{}  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı\EnF{}\\\InF{} õ‰½‰Ü‰ü \EnF{}}}}
\put(120, 30) {\framebox(40,25){\shortstack{\InF{}  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı\EnF{}\\\InF{} õ‰½‰Ü‰ü \EnF{}}}}
\put(120, 70) {\framebox(40,25){\shortstack{\InF{}  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı\EnF{}\\\InF{} õ‰½‰Ü‰ü \EnF{}}}}

\put(170, -7) {\framebox(30,12){I/O}}
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\put(220,-20) {\line(0,1){40}}
\put(220, 45) {\line(0,1){70}}
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\put(240, 30) {\framebox(40,40){\shortstack{\InF{}  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı\EnF{}\\\InF{} õ‰È‰µ‰Âí \EnF{}}}}
\put(242, 32) {\framebox(36,36){}}

\multiput(30,30)(0,5){3}{\circle*{2}}
\multiput(140,15)(0,5){3}{\circle*{2}}
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\caption{\label{Bus} �—‰Ê‰‘ñ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí }
\end{figure*}
\english
\farsi
õ‰È‰Ø‰Û �¬‰Ü‰ü ¢¤ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù “‰Â�ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ “‰ƒ‰ß
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´ ¨‰Â䉴 ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �¨‰´.
“‰‚ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û �¨‰´  —‰ã‰À�¢ õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ş‰ü  õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À
�¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰�÷‰À, õ‰½‰Àø¢ �¨‰´. ¢¤ ğ‰Áª‰µ‰‚
õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı —‰¹‰‘¤ı ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‚ ª‰Àù “‰Â �¨‰‘§ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰ü—‰��÷‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À ¢¤ Ÿ‰Àø¢
23 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤� “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ‰€‰À, øó‰ü ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ
Ÿ‰‘®‰Â “‰‘ •‰ƒ‰È‰Âꉴ —‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, �ş‰ß —‰ã‰À�¢ û‰Ç
•‰ƒ‰À� î‰Â¢ù �¨‰´. ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û �ş‰ß õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ

•‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‘ª‰À. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß —‰ã‰À�¢
õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ş‰ü  “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ û‰İ
õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰�÷‰À, “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´ •‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, õ‰½‰Àø¢ �¨‰´.
¢¤ ğ‰Áª‰µ‰‚ �‰�ö ¨‰Â䉴 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß “‰�¢, �ş‰ß õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´
õ‰È‰Ø‰Û �‰€‰À�÷‰ü �ş‰¹‰‘¢ ÷‰Ş‰üî‰Â¢, øó‰ü “‰‘ •‰ƒ‰È‰Âꉴ —‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ı ¢¤
Ÿ‰‘ñ Ÿ‰‘®‰Â ¨‰Â䉴 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç •‰ƒ‰À� î‰Â¢ù �¨‰´,
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰ü  õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´ ¨‰Â䉴 ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù û‰€‰�¥ •‰‘“‰Â›‰‘¨‰´.
“‰‚ ¡‰‘ω �ş‰ß õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´ ø “‰‘ —‰�›‰‚ “‰‚ �ş‰ß  õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ ÷‰Æ‰±‰´
¨‰Â䉴 “‰‚ 쉃‰Ş‰´ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘, û‰Â �‰‚ ¨‰Â䉴 “‰‘„—‰Â ¤ø¢, “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â
õ‰üª‰�¢, ğ‰‘û‰ü “‰Â�ı ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, �¥ ş‰× —‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ı
›‰Àş‰À “‰Â�ı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ø �¥ —‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ıû‰‘ı õ‰ã‰Ş‰�ñ “‰Â�ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰€‰À. “‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– õ‰ü—‰��ö —‰ã‰À�¢ “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Âı )—‰‘ Ÿ‰Àø¢
0001 —‰‘( •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı �¤¥�ö 쉃‰Ş‰´ ¤� ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
“‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û î‰Â¢ ø ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¨‰Âş‰â “‰‚ ø›‰�¢
�ø¤¢  ğ‰‘û‰ü �ø쉑– �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â �쉵‰Ê‰‘¢ı “‰‚¬‰Âꉂ—‰Â �¥ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‘ —‰ã‰À�¢ ‰µ‰Âı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ¨‰Âş‰â ø ğ‰Â�ö쉃‰Ş‰´
�¨‰´.

ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ ä‰��õ‰Ü‰ü  ¢¤ •‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù —‰‘™‰ƒ‰Â ¥ş‰‘¢ı
¢�¤¢, ω�ñ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �¨‰´. õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´û‰‘ı •‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, “‰‚ ω�¤ î‰Ü‰ü
�¥ ¨‰‚ 䉑õ‰Û ¥ş‰Â ÷‰‘ª‰ü õ‰üª‰�÷‰À:
\begin{enumerate}
\item ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �‰�ö �¥ ›‰€‰Å ê‰Ü‰Ã �¨‰´, ¢�¤�ı Ò‰Âꉃ‰´
ø �÷‰Àø‰‘÷‰Å •‰Â�‰Àù�ı\footnote{\InE{}Stray Capacitance and Inductance\EnE{}}
�¨‰´  ¢¤ ê‰Â÷‰Åû‰‘ı “‰‘„ �™‰Â ¡‰�¢ ¤� ÷‰È‰‘ö õ‰ü¢û‰À ø õ‰‘÷‰â 䉱‰�¤
›‰Âş‰‘öû‰‘ı “‰‘ ê‰Â÷‰Å “‰‘„ õ‰üª‰�¢. õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ş‰ß Ò‰Âꉃ‰´ ø
�÷‰Àø‰‘÷‰Å, õ‰µ‰€‰‘¨‰° “‰‘ ω�ñ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �¨‰´. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß û‰Â �‰‚
ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù î‰��‰Ø‰µ‰Â “‰‘ª‰À, ê‰Â÷‰Å “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Âı ¤� õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À �¥ ¡‰�¢
䉱‰�¤ ¢û‰À ø ¢¤ ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ •‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À �ö “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â �¨‰´.
\item ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ¢�¤�ı õ‰Ö‰‘øõ‰µ‰ü �¨‰´  “‰‘䉶 õ‰üª‰�¢ õ‰Ö‰À�¤ ø󉵉‘¦ ¤øı �ö
û‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À ø ¢¤ ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ �ğ‰Â õ‰Ö‰À�¤ û‰Ç ¥ş‰‘¢ “‰‘ª‰À, õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´
¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñ ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ù ª‰Àù ¤øı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù “‰‚ ¢¤¨‰µ‰ü “‰‚ õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À ÷‰Â¨‰À ø ¡‰Î‰‘
•‰ƒ‰Ç �ş‰À. õ‰Æ‰Ü‰Ş‰‘ û‰Â �‰‚ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ω�„÷‰ü—‰Â “‰‘ª‰À, õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ş‰ß �™‰Â ¢¤ �ö
“‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¡‰��û‰À “‰�¢. �¥ ωÂé ¢ş‰Ú‰Â û‰Â �‰‚ —‰ã‰À�¢ õ‰€‰‘“‰ã‰ü  “‰‚ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù
õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â “‰‘ª‰À, õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ş‰ß �™‰Â “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¡‰��û‰À ª‰À. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß
ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù  “‰Â�ı ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‚ ¡‰�“‰ü ¤ õ‰ü‰À,
�ğ‰Â —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À, ¤�ş‰ü �ö û‰Ç ¡‰��û‰À
ş‰‘ꉴ ø �ğ‰Â �ş‰ß —‰ã‰À�¢ “‰‘¥ û‰İ “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ª‰�¢, �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ û‰Ş‰‘ö
ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �¬‰… 쉑“‰Û 쉱‰�ñ ÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´ ø õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ õ‰�›‰° �ş‰¹‰‘¢ ¡‰Î‰‘ ª‰�¢.
\item ¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñû‰‘ş‰ü  �¥ �ωÂ�é ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù 䉱‰�¤ õ‰ü‰€‰À, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À
�¡‰µ‰…ñ\footnote{\InE{}Noise\EnE{}}û‰‘ş‰ü ¤øı ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù �ş‰¹‰‘¢ ‰€‰À  �ğ‰Â õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ş‰ß
�¡‰µ‰…„– �¥ Ÿ‰Àı “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â “‰‘ª‰À, ¡‰Î‰‘ •‰ƒ‰Ç ¡‰��û‰À �õ‰À.
¤øª‰ß �¨‰´  õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ş‰ß �¡‰µ‰…„– ÷‰ƒ‰Ã ¢¤ �™‰Â ω�„÷‰ü ª‰Àö ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù
“‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¡‰��û‰À ª‰À.
\end{enumerate}
ä‰��õ‰Û ê‰�ë ¢¤ õ‰¹‰Ş‰�á ÷‰È‰‘ö õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À  “‰Â�ı “‰‘„“‰Â¢ö ¤�ş‰ü
ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, “‰ú‰µ‰Â �¨‰´  ω�ñ �ö ¤� û‰Ç ¢û‰ƒ‰İ. “‰‚ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„
“‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ ¨‰Â䉴û‰‘ı “‰‘„, ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ¤� î‰�—‰‘ù �÷‰µ‰¿‰‘’ õ‰ü‰€‰À.

䉅øù “‰Â ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ùû‰‘ı ê‰Ü‰Ãı, ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ Ÿ‰‘®‰Â ¨‰ã‰ü õ‰üª‰�¢  �¥ —‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ı
÷‰�¤ı “‰Â�ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ û‰İ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ª‰�¢. ¢¤ �ş‰€‰Àù
�÷‰µ‰Ñ‰‘¤ ¢�¤ş‰İ  “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �—‰Ê‰‘„– ÷‰�¤ı, “‰µ‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ “‰‘ ¨‰Â䉵‰ü ¢¤ Ÿ‰Àø¢
1 —‰‘ 01 ğ‰ƒ‰Ú‰‘ û‰Â—‰Ã •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ¤� “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ‰ƒ‰İ.

�󉱉µ‰‚ “‰‘ş‰À —‰�›‰‚ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ  ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, —‰€‰ú‰‘ ğ‰Ü‰�ğ‰‘ù\footnote{\InE{}Bottleneck\EnE{}}
ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰Â �¨‰‘§ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù ÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´. ş‰× ğ‰Ü‰�ğ‰‘ù
õ‰ú‰İ ¢ş‰Ú‰Â, Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí �¨‰´.
�‰�ö �¤—‰±‰‘¯ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí �¨‰´,
ø쉵‰ü  —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À, õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö —‰Ö‰‘®‰‘ı
¡‰��÷‰Àö ø ÷‰�ª‰µ‰ß ¢¤ õ‰½‰Ûû‰‘ı õ‰È‰¿‰Ê‰ü �¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ õ‰·‰… õ‰½‰Ûû‰‘ş‰ü
 “‰Â÷‰‘õ‰‚û‰‘ õ‰µ‰ç‰ƒ‰Âû‰‘ı ‰µ‰Âó‰ü õ‰È‰µ‰Âî‰È‰‘ö ¤� ÷‰Ú‰‚¢�¤ı õ‰ü‰€‰À
¥ş‰‘¢ õ‰üª‰�¢ ø ¢¤ ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ �‰�ö ¡‰��÷‰Àö ø ÷‰�ª‰µ‰ß “‰‚ ω�¤ û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö
õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß ÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´, •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰¹‰±‰�¤ õ‰üª‰�÷‰À  “‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¬‰±‰Â ‰€‰À.

“‰Â�ı �¥ “‰ƒ‰ß “‰Â¢ö �ş‰ß ğ‰Ü‰�ğ‰‘ù ¤ø©û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢. “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ
�¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí ¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü ¨‰Âş‰â ş‰‘
—‰Ø‰€‰�ó‰�¦ıû‰‘ı ›‰Àş‰Àı  �›‰‘¥ùı �‰€‰À ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö “‰‚
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¤� õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ‰ƒ‰İ. û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ
“‰Â÷‰‘õ‰‚û‰‘ş‰ü  õ‰ü¡‰��û‰ƒ‰İ ¤øı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �›‰Â�
ª‰�÷‰À ¤� “‰‚ ğ‰�÷‰‚�ı ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü ‰ƒ‰İ  —‰ã‰À�¢ õ‰µ‰ç‰ƒ‰Âû‰‘ş‰ü  “‰ƒ‰ß —‰ã‰À�¢
¥ş‰‘¢ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù õ‰È‰µ‰Âí û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À, ¥ş‰‘¢ ÷‰±‰‘ª‰À.
\cite{Stone93}

\subsection{ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı}
õ‰Ãş‰´ õ‰ú‰İ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, ¨‰‘¢ğ‰ü
�ş‰ß ¤ø© �¨‰´  “‰‘䉶 õ‰üª‰�¢  •‰Â¢�¥©û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó ¤øı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó “‰µ‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ ¨‰‘¢ğ‰ü “‰‘ û‰İ ¤�“‰Î‰‚ “‰Âì‰Â�¤ ‰€‰À.
¢¤ õ‰Ö‰‘“‰Û, õ‰È‰Ø‰Û “‰Ã¤ï ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, õ‰½‰Àø¢ “‰�¢ö ¨‰Â䉴 �ö �¨‰´.
“‰‚ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û, ωÂ�Ÿ‰‘ö ¨‰ã‰ü î‰Â¢÷‰À ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü ‰€‰À  õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´ ¨‰Â䉴 ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù
¤� ÷‰À�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À, øó‰ü �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â õ‰€‰Î‰Ö‰ü õ‰‘÷‰€‰À ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù 䉪‰Û ‰À.

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ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Ring} �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤� ÷‰È‰‘ö õ‰ü¢û‰À  “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı “‰‚
û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰Àù�÷‰À. ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı
õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰Àù �¨‰´ ø õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À •‰ƒ‰‘ôû‰‘ş‰Ç ¤� “‰‚ �ø �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ ¢û‰À.
¤�ùû‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü “‰Â�ı �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �ş‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢;
øó‰ü ¤øª‰ü  õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ “‰Â�ı —‰±‰Àş‰Û ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı “‰‚ ş‰× ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù õ‰€‰Î‰Ö‰ü
“‰‚ ¤ õ‰ü¤ø¢, �¨‰µ‰‘÷‰À�¤¢ \InE{}IEEE~802.5\EnE{}  “‰Â�ı ì‰Â�¤¢�¢
÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚-Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Token-Ring Protocol\EnE{}} �¨‰´.
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø©, “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß  —‰À�¡‰Û ¢¤ •‰ƒ‰‘ôû‰‘ş‰ü  ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�÷‰À
“‰‚ ø›‰�¢ ÷‰ƒ‰‘ş‰À, —‰€‰ú‰‘ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù�ı  ş‰× ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚\footnote{\InE{}Token\EnE{}}ı “‰‚ ¡‰Ê‰�« ¤�
¢¤ �¡‰µ‰ƒ‰‘¤ ¢�¤¢, Ÿ‰Õ ¢�¤¢ •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü ¤� ¤øı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚ “‰Â�ı “‰Ö‰ƒ‰‚ “‰Ô‰Â¨‰µ‰À.
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â “‰‘ ¢¤ş‰‘ꉴ •‰ƒ‰‘ô, ê‰�¤� �ö ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
“‰ã‰Àı õ‰ü¢û‰€‰À ø ¢¤ ®‰Ş‰ß �ğ‰Â ¡‰�¢© ›‰Ãø õ‰¿‰‘ω±‰ƒ‰ß �ş‰ß •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰�¢, “‰‚
�ö —‰�›‰‚ õ‰ü‰À. “‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤øı Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚ ğ‰Â¢© õ‰ü‰À —‰‘
“‰‚ ê‰Â¨‰µ‰€‰Àùı •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰Âğ‰Â¢¢. •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı ê‰Â¨‰µ‰€‰Àùı •‰ƒ‰‘ô  ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚
¤�  ¢¤ �¡‰µ‰ƒ‰‘¤ ¢�¤¢, ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı “‰Â�ı ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ö
÷‰À�ª‰´, ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚ ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı õ‰üê‰Â¨‰µ‰À. ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚, ş‰×
—‰Â‰° õ‰€‰½‰Ê‰Â “‰‚ ê‰Â¢ �¥ ¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñû‰‘¨‰´  õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß ÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´ ¢�¡‰Û •‰ƒ‰‘ôû‰‘ ø›‰�¢
¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À. •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı û‰İ ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü “‰Â�ı
ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ö ÷‰À�ª‰´, “‰‘ ¢¤ş‰‘ꉴ ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚, �ö ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı
õ‰üê‰Â¨‰µ‰À. øó‰ü ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü “‰Â�ı ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ö ¢�ª‰´, ÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚
¤� ÷‰Ú‰‚ õ‰ü¢�¤¢ ø •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰Ç ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı õ‰ü¢û‰À.

�ª‰Ø‰‘ñ “‰Ã¤ï �ş‰ß ¤ø© �ş‰ß �¨‰´  ğ‰Áª‰µ‰ß •‰ƒ‰‘ô �¥ û‰Â î‰À�ô �¥
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ õ‰Ö‰À�¤ı —‰‘¡‰ƒ‰Â �ş‰¹‰‘¢ õ‰ü‰À. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß ø쉵‰ü —‰ã‰À�¢
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘„ “‰Âø¢, õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö —‰‘¡‰ƒ‰Â ÷‰ƒ‰Ã �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç •‰ƒ‰À� ¡‰��û‰À
î‰Â¢. øó‰ü ¢¤ õ‰Ö‰‘“‰Û, ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø© •‰ú‰€‰‘ı “‰‘÷‰À “‰‘ ¥ş‰‘¢ ª‰Àö
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ û‰Ç •‰ƒ‰À� ÷‰Ş‰ü‰À. ¢¤ ø�ì‰â õ‰Æ‰ƒ‰Â ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ö •‰ƒ‰‘ô
¢¤ �ş‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü ¤� õ‰ü—‰��ö “‰‚ ş‰× ó‰�ó‰‚ı ω�„÷‰ü ø ì‰Î‰�¤
—‰È‰±‰ƒ‰‚ î‰Â¢  ¨‰Â䉴 �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ �ö “‰‘„¨‰´, �õ‰‘
—‰‘¡‰ƒ‰Â ¥ş‰‘¢ı ÷‰ƒ‰Ã “‰Â�ı ¤¨‰ƒ‰Àö •‰ƒ‰‘ô ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢.
“‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß  ¤�ş‰ü �‰€‰ƒ‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰Ş‰ü �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ş‰‘“‰À,
“‰‘ş‰À û‰Ş‰ƒ‰È‰‚ �ş‰ß ó‰�ó‰‚ ¤� •‰Â ÷‰Ú‰‚ ¢�¤ş‰İ; ş‰ã‰€‰ü
¤ı ‰ƒ‰İ  Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚ û‰Ş‰��¤ù ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ �¤¨‰‘ñ �ω…䉑– “‰‘ª‰À.

䉅øù “‰Â �ş‰ß, ì‰Â�¤¢�¢ �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰‘ş‰À “‰‚ ğ‰�÷‰‚�ı “‰‘ª‰À
 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù�ı  •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰Ç ¤� ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢, 쉱‰Û �¥ �ş‰ß  õ‰€‰µ‰Ñ‰Â
ª‰�¢  •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰Ç “‰‘ ş‰× ¢ø¤ �‰Â¡‰Ç ¢¤ Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚ ¢ø“‰‘¤ù “‰‚ ¢¨‰µ‰Ç “‰Â¨‰À,
÷‰È‰‘÷‰‚ ¤� “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı “‰ã‰Àı “‰Àû‰À. “‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– ¢¤ ş‰× 󉽉щ‚
�‰€‰À •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰Â ¤øı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ õ‰€‰µ‰Ö‰Û õ‰üª‰�¢ ø ¢¤ ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ ¤�ş‰ü “‰‘„ õ‰ü¤ø¢.
\cite{Stone93}

\subsection{�—‰Ê‰‘ñû‰‘ı õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘ωâ}
�ş‰ß ¤ø© �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ¨‰‘¢ğ‰ü ø õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı “‰Â�ı ¢¨‰µ‰ƒ‰‘“‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚, ÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚ı õ‰Ö‰‘“‰Û ¤ø© �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù
�¨‰´; ş‰ã‰€‰ü �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ÷‰½‰�ùı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¢�¤�ı “‰‘„—‰Âş‰ß ¢¤›‰‚ı •‰ƒ‰»‰ƒ‰Àğ‰ü
�¨‰´ ø ‰µ‰Âş‰ß õ‰ƒ‰Ã�ö ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı ¤� �ş‰¹‰‘¢ õ‰ü‰À.
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø© õ‰‘÷‰€‰À ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Crossbar}, \InE{}$p$\EnE{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø \InE{}$l$\EnE{} ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚
�¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ \InE{}$pl$\EnE{} ÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚ı “‰Â¡‰�¤¢\footnote{\InE{}Crosspoint\EnE{}} “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û õ‰üª‰�÷‰À.

\begin{figure*}
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\caption{\label{Crossbar}   �—‰Ê‰‘ñ õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘ωâ }
\end{figure*}
\english
\farsi
�ğ‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$i$\EnE{} “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰‚ ø�Ÿ‰À \InE{}$j$\EnE{} �ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü
•‰ƒ‰À� ‰À, �ş‰ß ¤ �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ ÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚ı “‰Â¡‰�¤¢ \InE{}$(i, j)$\EnE{} �÷‰¹‰‘ô õ‰üª‰�¢.
“‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß ¢¤ �‰€‰ƒ‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚�ı, ¢ø ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü
÷‰Ş‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö �÷‰¹‰‘ô ª‰�÷‰À  ş‰‘ û‰Â ¢ø �¥ ωÂé ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
“‰‘ª‰€‰À ø ş‰‘ �ş‰ß  û‰Â ¢ø “‰¿‰��û‰€‰À “‰‚ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü
•‰ƒ‰À� ‰€‰À.

“‰Â�ı �ş‰ß  —‰Ö‰‘®‰‘ı ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰‚ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ î‰İ ª‰�¢, “‰ú‰µ‰Â �¨‰´  �¢¤§û‰‘ı õ‰µ‰��ó‰ü ¤� ¢¤ ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı
õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ì‰Â�¤ ¢û‰ƒ‰İ. ş‰ã‰€‰ü �¢¤§  1 ¢¤ ø�Ÿ‰À ª‰Ş‰‘¤ùı 1,
�¢¤§ 2 ¢¤ ø�Ÿ‰À ª‰Ş‰‘¤ùı 2, ø û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ω�¤ “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– ¢ø¤ı �¢¤§û‰‘
¤� “‰ƒ‰ß ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ •‰¿‰Ç ‰ƒ‰İ. ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– �ğ‰Â õ‰·‰… ¢ø •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
“‰¿‰��û‰€‰À “‰‚ ω�¤ û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö ş‰× “‰Â÷‰‘õ‰‚ ¤� �›‰Â� ‰€‰À,
¢¤ �øó‰ƒ‰ß ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ “‰Â�ı ¡‰��÷‰Àö �øó‰ƒ‰ß ¢¨‰µ‰�¤, “‰ƒ‰ß
�öû‰‘ ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı •‰ƒ‰Ç õ‰ü�ş‰À. øó‰ü •‰Å �¥ �ö ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ �ş‰ß ¢ø, ş‰×
ì‰Àô �¥ ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı ›‰Ü‰� õ‰ü�ꉵ‰À ø ¢ş‰Ú‰Â ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı�ı  ¢¤ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚
“‰Â÷‰‘õ‰‚ ÷‰¿‰��û‰ƒ‰İ ¢�ª‰´.

¢¤ ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ õ‰µ‰Ö‰‘ω⠢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  \InE{}$n$\EnE{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ø \InE{}$n$\EnE{} ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚
¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ, \InE{}$n^2$\EnE{} ÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚ı “‰Â¡‰�¤¢ „¥ô ¢�¤ş‰İ.
�ş‰ß “‰Ã¤ğ‰µ‰Âş‰ß 䉃‰° �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ �¨‰´, �‰�ö û‰Ãş‰€‰‚ı ¨‰‘¡‰´
÷‰Ö‰Î‰‚û‰‘ı “‰Â¡‰�¤¢ õ‰µ‰€‰‘¨‰° “‰‘ \InE{}$n^2$\EnE{} ¥ş‰‘¢ õ‰üª‰�¢ ø �ğ‰Â —‰ã‰À�¢
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �¥ Ÿ‰Àı “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ª‰�¢, û‰Ãş‰€‰‚ı ¨‰‘¡‰´ ÷‰Ö‰‘¯ “‰Â¡‰�¤¢
�¥ û‰Ãş‰€‰‚ı ¡‰�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰ƒ‰È‰µ‰Â ¡‰��û‰À ª‰À!
䉅øù “‰Â �ş‰ß �‰�ö õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ •‰Â¢�¥©û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü  ¤øı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı
õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ó  �›‰Â� õ‰üª‰�÷‰À, ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ “‰‚ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö “‰‚ ş‰× ø�Ÿ‰À
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢�¤÷‰À, 䉪‰… ¤�ş‰ü ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ “‰‚ �÷‰À�¥ù�ı  �÷‰µ‰Ñ‰‘¤
¢�¤ş‰İ �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç ÷‰Ş‰üş‰‘“‰À. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ Ÿ‰‘®‰Â �¥ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤
“‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ î‰İ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢. õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Â \InE{}C.mmp\EnE{} “‰‘ 61 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
\InE{}PDP-11\EnE{} ø 61 ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �¥ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰À.
\cite{Stone93}

\subsection{ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı ¤�ùğ‰Ãş‰ß �‰€‰À¨‰Î‰½‰ü }
›‰Ã� �¬‰Ü‰ü ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �‰€‰À¨‰Î‰½‰ü, ş‰× î‰Ü‰ƒ‰À —‰±‰Àş‰Û\footnote{\InE{}Interchange Switch\EnE{}}
“‰‘ ¢ø ø¤ø¢ı ø ¢ø ¡‰Âø›‰ü �¨‰´.
î‰Ü‰ƒ‰À “‰Â�¨‰‘§ ¨‰ƒ‰Ú‰€‰‘ñû‰‘ı ‰µ‰Âó‰ü  “‰‚ �ö õ‰µ‰Ê‰Ü‰€‰À,
ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ ¤� “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– õ‰È‰¿‰Ê‰ü “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰üû‰‘ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û õ‰ü¨‰‘¥¢.
û‰Â ş‰× �¥ ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ û‰Â ş‰× �¥ ¡‰Âø›‰üû‰‘ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û
ª‰�÷‰À; �󉱉µ‰‚ “‰‚ ª‰Âωü  “‰ƒ‰ß �öû‰‘ “‰Â¡‰�¤¢ •‰ƒ‰Ç ÷‰ƒ‰‘ş‰À,
ş‰ã‰€‰ü û‰Â ¢ø ÷‰¿‰��û‰€‰À  “‰‚ ş‰× ¡‰Âø›‰ü ø¬‰Û ª‰�÷‰À.
“‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Switch} �‰€‰À ÷‰½‰�ùı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ
ø¤ø¢ı “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰ü “‰Â�ı ÷‰Ş‰�÷‰‚ î‰È‰ƒ‰Àù ª‰Àù �¨‰´.
¢¤ �ş‰ß ª‰Ø‰Û ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ “‰‘ \InE{}$A$\EnE{} ø \InE{}$B$\EnE{}, ø ¡‰Âø›‰üû‰‘ “‰‘ 0 ø 1
õ‰È‰¿‰É ª‰Àù�÷‰À.
\begin{figure*}
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\caption{ \label{Switch} î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ı —‰±‰Àş‰Û  }
\end{figure*}
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\farsi
“‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ı —‰±‰Àş‰Û, õ‰ü—‰��ö ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı �‰€‰À ¨‰Î‰½‰ü
“‰‘ �‰€‰À ø¤ø¢ı ø �‰€‰À ¡‰Âø›‰ü ¨‰‘¡‰´  쉑¢¤ “‰‚ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘
“‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰üû‰‘ “‰‚ �ª‰Ø‰‘ñ õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü “‰‘ª‰€‰À.
“‰‚  䉀‰��ö õ‰·‰‘ñ ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ¢¤¡‰´ ¢ø¢øş‰ü  ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{BinTree}
÷‰È‰‘ö ¢�¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´ ¤� ¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Âş‰À.
“‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤  �¥ 7 î‰Ü‰ƒ‰À —‰±‰Àş‰Û �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
õ‰ü‰À, û‰Â ş‰× �¥ ¢ø ø¤ø¢ı õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À “‰‚ û‰Â ş‰× �¥ 8 ¡‰Âø›‰ü õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰�¢.
¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{BinTree}, ÷‰½‰�ùı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ “‰Â�ı ø¬‰Û î‰Â¢ö ø¤ø¢ı “‰‚
¡‰Âø›‰ü 101 ÷‰È‰‘ö ¢�¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´.

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\caption{ \label{BinTree} ¢¤¡‰´ ¢ø¢øş‰ü “‰‘ î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ı —‰±‰Àş‰Û }
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\farsi
¢¤ õ‰�¤¢ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù  ¢�¤�ı �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ø �‰€‰À ø�Ÿ‰À Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �¨‰´, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ “‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥ �ş‰ß
î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ, ª‰±‰Ø‰‚�ı “‰Æ‰‘¥ş‰İ  “‰µ‰��÷‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
¤� “‰‚ ø�Ÿ‰Àû‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ¨‰‘¥¢.
û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ω�¤ �ğ‰Â û‰İ ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ ø û‰İ ¡‰Âø›‰üû‰‘ı  ª‰±‰Ø‰‚
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‘ª‰€‰À, “‰Â�ı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰ƒ‰ß
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ÷‰ƒ‰Ã õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ �¥ ª‰±‰Ø‰‚û‰‘ı �‰€‰À¨‰Î‰½‰ü �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù ‰ƒ‰İ.

¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤û‰‘ı õ‰¿‰µ‰Ü‰Ô‰ü “‰Â�ı ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �‰€‰À¨‰Î‰½‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢.
�è‰Ü‰° �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤û‰‘ 쉑¢¤ û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À —‰ã‰À�¢ ¥ş‰‘¢ı �¥
ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ ¤� “‰‚ ω�¤ û‰Ş‰Ãõ‰‘ö “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰ü õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ‰€‰À.
¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ı  õ‰ã‰Ş‰�„ “‰Â�ı ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �—‰Ê‰‘ó‰ü �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢,
ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �õ‰Ú‰‘\footnote{\InE{}Omega Network\EnE{}} �¨‰´. �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤  ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Omega}
÷‰È‰‘ö ¢�¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´,
¢�¤�ı �ş‰ß õ‰Ãş‰´ �¨‰´  “‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ ¨‰‘¢ù �¨‰´ ø �¥ —‰ã‰À�¢ ¨‰Î‰��
‰ü —‰È‰Ø‰ƒ‰Û ª‰Àù �¨‰´. ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰´ î‰Ü‰ü, ª‰Ø‰Û �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ õ‰‘÷‰€‰À
ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Omega} �¨‰´, “‰‘ �ş‰ß —‰Ô‰‘ø–  �ğ‰Â —‰ã‰À�¢ ø¤ø¢ıû‰‘ \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰‘ª‰À,
—‰ã‰À�¢ ¨‰Î‰�� �ş‰ß ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ \InE{}$\lceil \log n \rceil$\EnE{} �¨‰´.
�ğ‰Â ‰ü ¢ì‰´ ‰ƒ‰À õ‰ü“‰ƒ‰€‰ƒ‰À  �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ¢¤ ø�ì‰â
�¥ —‰Â‰° \InE{}$n$\EnE{} ¢¤¡‰´ ¢ø¢øş‰ü —‰È‰Ø‰ƒ‰Û ª‰Àù �¨‰´.
“‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß “‰‘ õ‰Ö‰‘ş‰Æ‰‚ı “‰ƒ‰´û‰‘ı ª‰Ş‰‘¤ùı ø¤ø¢ı
ø ª‰Ş‰‘¤ùı ¡‰Âø›‰ü, “‰‚ ¨‰‘¢ğ‰ü õ‰ü—‰��ö  î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ ¤� “‰‚ ğ‰�÷‰‚�ı
õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û î‰Â¢  ø¤ø¢ı õ‰�¤¢ ÷‰Ñ‰Â “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰ü õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û ª‰�¢.
“‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤–  “‰Â�ı û‰Â \InE{}$i$\EnE{}, î‰Ü‰ƒ‰Àû‰‘ı ¨‰Î‰¼ \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô, ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  “‰ƒ‰´ \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô
ª‰Ş‰‘¤ùı ¡‰Âø›‰ü 0 “‰�¢, ø¤ø¢ı ¤� “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰ü “‰‘„ ø ¢¤ 艃‰Â �ş‰ß
¬‰�¤– “‰‚ ¡‰Âø›‰ü •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß ø¬‰Û õ‰ü‰€‰À.                             \cite{Mano93}

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\caption{ \label{Omega} ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �õ‰Ú‰‘ “‰‘ 8 ø¤ø¢ı ø 8 ¡‰Âø›‰ü }
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\subsection{ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°û‰‘}
�ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ ¨‰Æ‰´ “‰Â�ı �¤—‰±‰‘¯ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
“‰‚ ¤ õ‰ü¤ø¢. ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø©, \InE{}$2^n$\EnE{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, ¢¤ õ‰�ì‰ã‰ƒ‰´ ¤�‰�§
ş‰× ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰° \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰ã‰Àı ì‰Â�¤ õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À ø ¢ø •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù�ı 
¤�‰�§ õ‰µ‰€‰‘҉ “‰‘ �öû‰‘ “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û û‰Æ‰µ‰€‰À, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‚ ¬‰�¤– õ‰Æ‰µ‰Ö‰ƒ‰İ
“‰‘ û‰İ •‰ƒ‰‘ô õ‰±‰‘¢ó‰‚ ‰€‰À.
¢¤ ø�ì‰â ¢¤ ş‰×
ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰° \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰ã‰Àı, û‰Â ş‰× �¥ \InE{}$2^n$\EnE{} •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı õ‰�›‰�¢ “‰‘ ş‰×
¢÷‰±‰‘ó‰‚ı \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰ƒ‰µ‰ü ¢ø¢øş‰ü õ‰È‰¿‰É õ‰üª‰�¢. ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ¢ø •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ê‰Ö‰Í ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü “‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Ü‰€‰À  ¢÷‰±‰‘ó‰‚û‰‘ı õ‰µ‰€‰‘҉ “‰‘ �öû‰‘ —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¢¤
ş‰× “‰ƒ‰´ õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø– “‰‘ª‰€‰À.
“‰€‰‘“‰Â —‰ã‰Âş‰Ó, ¢¤ ş‰× ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰° \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰ã‰Àı, û‰Â ¤�§ “‰‚
\InE{}$n$\EnE{} ¤�§ ¢ş‰Ú‰Â õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û �¨‰´.
“‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Cube} ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°û‰‘ı ¢ø“‰ã‰Àı ø ¨‰‚“‰ã‰Àı ¤� õ‰ü“‰ƒ‰€‰ƒ‰À.
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\caption{\label{Cube} ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰°}
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\farsi

�ğ‰Â ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ê‰�ë õ‰Ø‰ã‰°, ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰Â�ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
¢ş‰Ú‰Â •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü “‰Ô‰Â¨‰µ‰À, “‰‘ş‰À •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰Ç ¤� �¥ õ‰Æ‰ƒ‰Âı �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ —‰ã‰À�¢ı �¥
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À “‰Â¨‰‘÷‰À. “‰Â�ı õ‰·‰‘ñ �ğ‰Â ¢¤ ª‰Ø‰Û \ref{Cube}
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$010$\EnE{} “‰¿‰��û‰À •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı \InE{}$001$\EnE{}
“‰Â¨‰‘÷‰À, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰À �ş‰ß •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤� �¥ Ï‰Âş‰Õ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
\InE{}$000$\EnE{} “‰‚ �ø “‰Àû‰À.
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ó‰´ î‰Ü‰ü �ğ‰Â �¢¤§ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı Ÿ‰‘øı •‰ƒ‰‘ô ø •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤� “‰À�÷‰ƒ‰İ, õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ õ‰Æ‰ƒ‰Â �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤�
“‰‚ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– õ‰È‰¿‰É ‰ƒ‰İ:
¢¤ û‰Â õ‰ÂŸ‰Ü‰‚ ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ “‰ƒ‰´û‰‘ş‰ü  ¢¤ �¢¤§ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı Ÿ‰‘øı •‰ƒ‰‘ô ø
�¢¤§ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø—‰€‰À ¤� ¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â ğ‰Âꉵ‰‚, •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤� �¥ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı
Ÿ‰‘øı •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù�ı õ‰üê‰Â¨‰µ‰ƒ‰İ  �¢¤§ �ö, —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¢¤ û‰Ş‰‘ö “‰ƒ‰´ “‰‘ �¢¤§
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı Ÿ‰‘øı •‰ƒ‰‘ô õ‰µ‰Ô‰‘ø– “‰‘ª‰À. �ş‰ß ¤ ¤� �öì‰À¤ —‰Ø‰Â�¤ õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ
—‰‘ •‰ƒ‰‘ô “‰‚ õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À “‰Â¨‰À.
“‰‘ �ş‰ß �ó‰Ú‰�¤ş‰µ‰İ ¢¤ ø�ì‰â ¢¤ û‰Â õ‰ÂŸ‰Ü‰‚, ş‰Ø‰ü �¥ “‰ƒ‰´û‰‘ı �¢¤§
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùı Ÿ‰‘øı •‰ƒ‰‘ô ¤� “‰‚ ¬‰�¤—‰ü �¬‰…� õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ  “‰‘ “‰ƒ‰´ õ‰Â“‰�ω‚
¢¤ �¢¤§ õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À ş‰Ø‰ü ª‰�¢. “‰€‰‘“‰Â�ş‰ß “‰‘ �ş‰ß ¤ø© ¢¤ ş‰× ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰° \InE{}$n$\EnE{} “‰ã‰Àı
û‰Â •‰ƒ‰‘õ‰ü ¤� õ‰ü—‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ ¢¤ Ÿ‰À�‰Â \InE{}$n$\EnE{} õ‰ÂŸ‰Ü‰‚ “‰‚ õ‰Ö‰Ê‰À “‰Â¨‰‘÷‰ƒ‰İ.
�ş‰ß õ‰Ö‰À�¤ “‰‘ —‰�›‰‚ “‰‚ �ş‰ß  —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ \InE{}$2^n$\EnE{} —‰‘¨‰´
¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü ¡‰�’ �¨‰´. )�ğ‰Â û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß —‰ã‰À�¢ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤� “‰‘ �—‰Ê‰‘ñ Ÿ‰Ü‰Ö‰‚�ı
“‰‚ û‰İ õ‰µ‰Ê‰Û î‰Â¢ù “‰�¢ş‰İ, �÷‰µ‰Ö‰‘ñ •‰ƒ‰‘ô õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß “‰�¢ \InE{}$2^n-1$\EnE{} õ‰ÂŸ‰Ü‰‚ ω�ñ
“‰Ø‰È‰À.( “‰‚ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û �¨‰´  �¥ �ş‰ß ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤, ¢¤ 䉪‰Û ¡‰ƒ‰Ü‰ü �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
õ‰üª‰�¢.

“‰‚ 䉀‰��ö õ‰·‰‘ñ, õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı \InE{}Intel iPSC\EnE{}  �¥ 821 •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
—‰È‰Ø‰ƒ‰Û ª‰Àù�÷‰À, �¥ ¨‰‘¡‰µ‰‘¤ ê‰�ëõ‰Ø‰ã‰° 7 “‰ã‰Àı “‰Â�ı �—‰Ê‰‘ñ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù
õ‰ü‰€‰À.
\cite{Mano93}

\section{\label{Cache} �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü}
ì‰Â�¤ ¢�¢ö Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü “‰Â�ı û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¢¤ ş‰× ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, õ‰Ö‰�ó‰‚ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¤� “‰‚ ø›‰�¢ õ‰ü�ø¤¢.
õ‰·‰… õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´  �‰€‰À •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´\footnote{\InE{}Copy\EnE{}} �¥ ş‰× õ‰µ‰ç‰ƒ‰Â ¤� ¢¤
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¡‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰€‰À ø û‰Â î‰À�ô �¥ �öû‰‘ “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß õ‰µ‰ç‰ƒ‰Â
õ‰Ö‰À�¤ı —‰ã‰Âş‰Ó î‰Â¢ù “‰‘ª‰€‰À. Ÿ‰‘ñ õ‰Ö‰À�¤ ¢¤¨‰´ õ‰µ‰ç‰ƒ‰Â
î‰À�ô �¨‰´?

¤�Ÿ‰´—‰Âş‰ß ¤�ù “‰Â�ı ÷‰Ú‰‚¢�¤ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô, ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü “‰‚ ¬‰�¤—‰ü �¨‰´
 û‰Âğ‰‘ù  ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ¤øı ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü “‰€‰�ş‰Æ‰À, ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ
“‰…ꉑ¬‰Ü‰‚ �ω…䉑– ¤� ¢¤  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü “‰‚¤ø¥ ‰À.
“‰‚ �ş‰ß ¤ø© ¢¤øö ÷‰�ş‰Å\footnote{\InE{}Write-Through\EnE{}} õ‰üğ‰�ş‰€‰À  ¢¤ õ‰³‰ƒ‰�—‰Âû‰‘ı ª‰¿‰Ê‰ü
�¥ �ö �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢. “‰‘ ø›‰�¢ �ş‰ß  •‰ƒ‰‘¢ù ¨‰‘¥ı
�‰€‰ƒ‰ß Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü�ı ¨‰‘¢ù �¨‰´, �õ‰‘ ωÂ�Ÿ‰ü �öû‰‘ ¢¤ ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İ
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰Æ‰ƒ‰‘¤ ¢ª‰��¤ ¡‰��û‰À “‰�¢;
�‰Â�  û‰Â “‰‘¤  õ‰Ö‰À�¤ı —‰ç‰ƒ‰ƒ‰Â õ‰ü‰À, “‰‘ş‰À ş‰×
¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü õ‰Æ‰µ‰Ö‰ƒ‰İ “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À
ø û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß “‰‚ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Â �ω…á
¢�¢ù ª‰�¢  õ‰Ö‰À�¤ ¢�¢ùı ¡‰�¢ ¤� ¢¤ �ö �¢¤§
¡‰‘« )�ğ‰Â ¢¤ �öû‰‘ ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢( “‰‚ 䉀‰��ö ÷‰‘õ‰ã‰µ‰±‰Â 䉅õ‰´ “‰Ã÷‰€‰À.
�ş‰ß õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ •‰Å �¥ õ‰À– î‰�—‰‘û‰ü “‰‘䉶 •‰Â ª‰Àö ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù
õ‰üª‰�¢ ø ¤�ş‰ü •‰‘ş‰ƒ‰ß õ‰ü�ş‰À.        \cite{Pountain93, Yen85}  \\
¢¤ ¥ş‰Â �‰€‰À ¤ø© ¤�  “‰Â�ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¢¤ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
�¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢, õ‰Î‰Â� õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ:

¨‰‘¢ù—‰Âş‰ß ¤ø© “‰Â�ı Ÿ‰Û õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¢¤
�‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �ş‰ß �¨‰´  �›‰‘¥ùı ¢�ª‰µ‰ß Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü ¤�
“‰‚ •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ ÷‰Àû‰ƒ‰İ ø ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü õ‰È‰µ‰Âí “‰Â�ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘
¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Âş‰İ. ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– �‰�ö —‰Ş‰‘ô •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �¥
ş‰× Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰ü‰€‰À, ¥õ‰‘ö ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚ �ö �ê‰Ã�ş‰Ç õ‰üş‰‘“‰À.
¢¤ ø�ì‰â �ş‰ß ¤ø© õ‰Æ‰ÿ‰Ü‰‚ı �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¤� “‰‘ �›‰µ‰€‰‘’
�¥ �ş‰¹‰‘¢ �ö Ÿ‰Û õ‰ü‰À.                                       \cite{Mano93}

¤ø© ¢ş‰Ú‰Â �ö �¨‰´  Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¡‰µ‰Ê‰‘¬‰ü “‰Â�ı û‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Âş‰İ, øó‰ü —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¢�¢ùû‰‘ı 艃‰Â õ‰È‰µ‰Âí ø ¢�¢ùû‰‘ı
õ‰È‰µ‰Âí ê‰Ö‰Í ¡‰��÷‰À÷‰ü ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ì‰Â�¤ “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Â÷‰À ø ¢�¢ùû‰‘ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí
÷‰�ª‰µ‰€‰ü ¤� ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ì‰Â�¤ ÷‰Àû‰ƒ‰İ.
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¬‰�¤– “‰Â�ı —‰ã‰ƒ‰ƒ‰ß ¢�¢ùû‰‘ı 쉑“‰Û ì‰Â�¤ ğ‰Âꉵ‰ß
¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü, õ‰³‰‘ş‰Ü‰Â “‰‘ş‰À “‰Â�ı û‰Â ş‰× �¥ ¢�¢ùû‰‘ ş‰× “‰Â�‰Æ‰°
¢¤ ÷‰Ñ‰Â “‰Ú‰ƒ‰Â¢. 䉃‰° �ş‰ß ¤ø© �ş‰ß �¨‰´  �ø„ ÷‰�á ¢�¢ù�ı
 ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ì‰Â�¤ õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â¢ õ‰½‰Àø¢ �¨‰´, ø ™‰‘÷‰ƒ‰‘ �ş‰ß  ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ “‰‚
õ‰³‰‘ş‰Ü‰Â ¡‰‘¬‰ü “‰Â�ı —‰ã‰ƒ‰ƒ‰ß ÷‰�á ¢�¢ùû‰‘ ¢�¤¢.
\cite{Mano93}

¤ø© ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı  “‰Â�ı Ÿ‰Û õ‰È‰Ø‰Û �÷‰Æ‰¹‰‘ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢,
—‰Ø‰€‰ƒ‰× •‰È‰´÷‰�ş‰Å\footnote{\InE{}Write-Back\EnE{}} “‰Â�ı “‰‚¤ø¥ ¢¤ �ø¤¢ö Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �¨‰´.
¢¤ �ş‰ß ¤ø©, ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´û‰‘ş‰ü�¥ ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´û‰‘ı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤÷‰À, �¥ ÷‰Ñ‰Â •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
¢�¤�ı ¨‰‚ ÷‰�á ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü õ‰ü—‰��÷‰€‰À “‰‘ª‰€‰À:
\begin{itemize}
\item ê‰Ö‰Í ¡‰��÷‰À÷‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Read Only\EnE{}} ş‰‘ \InE{}RO\EnE{} ş‰ã‰€‰ü �ş‰ß  •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù —‰‘ ‰�ö —‰€‰ú‰‘ �¥
�ş‰ß ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´ ¡‰��÷‰Àù �¨‰´ ø �ö ¤� —‰ç‰ƒ‰ƒ‰Â ÷‰À�¢ù �¨‰´. ¢¤ û‰Â 󉽉щ‚
õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´û‰‘ı \InE{}RO\EnE{} ı õ‰µ‰ã‰À¢ı �¥ ş‰× ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
ø›‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À.
\item �÷‰½‰Ê‰‘¤ı\footnote{\InE{}Exclusive\EnE{}} ş‰‘ \InE{}EX\EnE{}, ş‰ã‰€‰ü �ş‰ß  �ş‰ß ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´, —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ �¥ �ş‰ß ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �¨‰´  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢.
�ğ‰Â ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰¿‰��û‰À ¢¤ ì‰Æ‰Ş‰µ‰ü �¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
÷‰Ú‰‚¢�¤ı õ‰üª‰�¢ �‰ƒ‰Ãı “‰€‰�ş‰Æ‰À, “‰‘ş‰À �“‰µ‰À� �ş‰ß ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ ¤� “‰‚ ¬‰�¤–
\InE{}EX\EnE{} ¢¤�ø¤¢.
\item ÷‰�ª‰µ‰€‰ü-¡‰��÷‰À÷‰ü\footnote{\InE{}Read-Write\EnE{}} ş‰‘ \InE{}RW\EnE{}, ş‰ã‰€‰ü �ş‰ß  �ş‰ß ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´ �¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ —‰�¨‰Í
•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù —‰ç‰ƒ‰ƒ‰Â ¢�¢ù ª‰Àù �¨‰´. û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß ş‰× ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ \InE{}RW\EnE{}, —‰€‰ú‰‘ ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ �ş‰ß ì‰Æ‰Ş‰´
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �¨‰´  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢.
\end{itemize}
¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  ş‰× •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰¿‰��û‰À “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¤� “‰¿‰��÷‰À,
�“‰µ‰À� �‰× õ‰üª‰�¢  �ş‰‘ �ş‰ß “‰Ü‰�í ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü õ‰Â“‰�¯ “‰‚ �ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
Ÿ‰Ì‰�¤ ¢�¤¢ ş‰‘ ¡‰ƒ‰Â. ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  ø›‰�¢ ¢�ª‰´  “‰Ü‰�í �¥ ¤øı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
¡‰��÷‰Àù ª‰Àù ø “‰Â�ı •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù ê‰Â¨‰µ‰‘¢ù õ‰üª‰�¢. ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü 
ø›‰�¢ ÷‰À�ª‰´, “‰‘ş‰À �ö ¤� “‰‚ ¢�¡‰Û Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü “‰ƒ‰‘ø¤ş‰İ.
“‰Â�ı �ş‰ß õ‰€‰Ñ‰�¤ õ‰Ş‰Ø‰ß �¨‰´ õ‰¹‰±‰�¤ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ  ş‰× “‰Ü‰�í
õ‰‘÷‰€‰À “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$j$\EnE{} �ô  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ñ Ÿ‰‘®‰Â ¤øı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �¨‰´ ¤�
Ÿ‰Áé ‰ƒ‰İ. “‰Â�ı �ş‰ß ¤ —‰€‰ú‰‘ “‰‘ş‰À —‰�›‰‚ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰ƒ‰İ  �ğ‰Â
¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$j$\EnE{} �ô �¥ ÷‰�á \InE{}RW\EnE{} “‰�¢, “‰‘ş‰À õ‰Ö‰À�¤ �ö ¤� ¢¤øö Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ “‰€‰�ş‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ.
•‰Å �¥ �ş‰ß “‰‘ş‰À �‰× ‰ƒ‰İ  �ş‰‘ ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı �¥ “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô
Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ ¤øı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ¢ş‰Ú‰Â ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢ ş‰‘ ¡‰ƒ‰Â.
¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  �‰€‰ƒ‰ß ¤ø÷‰�ª‰µ‰ü ø›‰�¢ ÷‰À�ª‰µ‰‚ “‰‘ª‰À, “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô
¤� �¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ õ‰ü¡‰��÷‰ƒ‰İ ø ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  �ş‰ß “‰Ü‰�í �¥ ÷‰�á ¢�¢ù
“‰�¢ �ö ¤� “‰‘ ÷‰�á \InE{}EX\EnE{},  ø �ğ‰Â ¢¨‰µ‰�¤ “‰�¢ “‰‘ ÷‰�á \InE{}RO\EnE{}  ¤øı Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
£¡‰ƒ‰Âù õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ. øó‰ü ¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  �‰€‰ƒ‰ß ¤ø÷‰�ª‰µ‰ü ø›‰�¢ ¢�ª‰µ‰‚
“‰‘ª‰À, �ğ‰Â �¥ ÷‰�á \InE{}EX\EnE{} “‰‘ª‰À, ÷‰�á �ö ¤� —‰±‰Àş‰Û “‰‚ \InE{}RO\EnE{} õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ
ø �ğ‰Â �¥ ÷‰�á \InE{}RW\EnE{} “‰‘ª‰À, �“‰µ‰À�  �ö ¤� ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü õ‰ü÷‰�ş‰Æ‰ƒ‰İ
ø ¨‰³‰Å ÷‰�á �ö ¤� —‰±‰Àş‰Û “‰‚ \InE{}RO\EnE{} õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ. ¢¤ û‰Â ¬‰�¤– “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô
¤� �¥ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı �¬‰Ü‰ü ¡‰��÷‰Àù ø ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ �ö ¤� “‰‘ ÷‰�á \InE{}RO\EnE{} ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
÷‰Ú‰‚¢�¤ı õ‰ü‰ƒ‰İ.

¢¤ ¬‰�¤—‰ü  •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù “‰¿‰��û‰À ¤øı “‰Ü‰�í \InE{}$i$\EnE{} �ô Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ �‰ƒ‰Ãı “‰€‰�ş‰Æ‰À,
“‰‘ş‰À �¥ û‰Ş‰ƒ‰ß �ó‰Ú‰�¤ş‰µ‰İ •‰ƒ‰Âøı ‰ƒ‰İ;
“‰‘ �ş‰ß —‰Ô‰‘ø–  �ø„ “‰‘ş‰À —‰Ş‰‘õ‰ü ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´û‰‘ı ¢ş‰Ú‰Âı  ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚û‰‘ı÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü
¢ş‰Ú‰Â ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤÷‰À, ÷‰‘õ‰ã‰µ‰±‰Â ª‰�÷‰À ø
™‰‘÷‰ƒ‰‘ ¤ø÷‰�ª‰´ £¡‰ƒ‰Âù ª‰Àù ¢¤ Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü �ş‰ß •‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, “‰‘ş‰À “‰‚ ¬‰�¤–
\InE{}RW\EnE{} 䉅õ‰´ ¥¢ù ª‰�¢. \cite{Hwang84}

\section{¡‰…¬‰‚ ø ÷‰µ‰ƒ‰¹‰‚ğ‰ƒ‰Âı}
û‰Ş‰‘öω�¤  ¢ş‰Àş‰İ, �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û ø›‰�¢ õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´û‰‘ı
ꉃ‰Ãş‰Ø‰ü, ¢¤ğ‰ƒ‰Âı ¢¤ ¢¨‰µ‰Â¨‰ü “‰‚  ş‰× õ‰€‰±‰â õ‰·‰Û Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı õ‰È‰µ‰Âí,
¢¨‰µ‰Ú‰‘ùû‰‘ı ø¤ø¢ı/¡‰Âø›‰ü, ş‰‘ ğ‰Á¤ğ‰‘ù, “‰‘¥¢û‰ü ¬‰À¢¤¬‰À ÷‰À�¤÷‰À.
“‰½‰¶ �¬‰Ü‰ü ¢¤ õ‰ã‰Ş‰‘¤ı ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ı �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù, “‰‘„ “‰Â¢ö
õ‰Ö‰À�¤ “‰‘¥¢û‰ü �ş‰ß ¨‰ƒ‰Æ‰µ‰İû‰‘ “‰‘ ¤ø©û‰‘ş‰ü �¥ 쉱‰ƒ‰Û ì‰Â�¤
¢�¢ö Ÿ‰‘ê‰Ñ‰‚ı ÷‰ú‰‘÷‰ü ø õ‰½‰Ü‰ü ø ş‰‘ �¨‰µ‰Ô‰‘¢ù �¥  ş‰× ª‰±‰Ø‰‚ı �¤—‰±‰‘ωü
“‰ú‰µ‰Â �¨‰´.

¢¤ û‰Â ¬‰�¤– “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û õ‰½‰Àø¢ş‰´û‰‘ş‰ü  ¢¤ “‰‘„“‰Â¢ö ¨‰Â䉴 ş‰× —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àù
ø›‰�¢ ¢�¤¢ ø û‰Ş‰»‰€‰ƒ‰ß “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û �ş‰ß  “‰‚ ¢ó‰ƒ‰Û õ‰Æ‰‘�‰Û �쉵‰Ê‰‘¢ı  ø
¨‰ƒ‰‘¨‰ü, —‰×•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ş‰ü “‰‘ ¨‰Â䉴û‰‘ı “‰‘„ “‰‚ ¨‰‘¢ğ‰ü ¢¤ ¢¨‰µ‰Â§
÷‰ƒ‰Æ‰´, ÷‰ƒ‰‘¥ “‰‚ —‰�›‰‚ “‰‚ �‰€‰À•‰Â¢�¥÷‰Àùû‰‘ �Ÿ‰Æ‰‘§ õ‰üª‰�¢
ø “‰‘ —‰�›‰‚ “‰‚ Ÿ‰¹‰İ ê‰ã‰‘󉃉´û‰‘ş‰ü  ¢¤ �ş‰ß ¥õ‰ƒ‰€‰‚ ¬‰�¤– õ‰üğ‰ƒ‰Â¢,
õ‰ü—‰��ö �‰È‰İ�÷‰À�¥ ¡‰�“‰ü ¤� “‰Â�ı �öû‰‘ •‰ƒ‰Ç“‰ƒ‰€‰ü î‰Â¢.

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\vspace{-1cm}
\english 
\bibitem{Hwang84} Hwang, K., and Briggs, F.A., 
{\it \underline{Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing}}, 
McGraw-Hill, 1984.
\bibitem{Mano93} Mano, M.M., \underline{\it Computer System Architecture}, 
Prentice Hall, 1993.
\bibitem{Pountain93} Pountain, D., ``The Multiprocessor Solution'', 
\underline{\it Byte}, June 1993, pp. 185-192.
\bibitem{Stone93} Stone, H.S., \underline{\it High-Performance Computer 
Architecture}, Addison-Wesley, 1993.
\bibitem{Yen85} Yen, W.C., Yen, D.W.L., and Fu, K., ``Data Coherence 
Problem in a Multicache System'', \underline{\it IEEE Trans. on Computers}, 
January 1985, pp. 59-65.
\end{thebibliography}
\farsi
\end{document}