$$\m(G)\le\ch(G)+1.$$ <ڢڐڐڤڢڗڢڍڐ$K_1$ <ڐړڍڗڤڐگړڗړ $$\m(G)\le\delta(G)+2.$$ < <ړړڗ㢐ڤړmnum <ڥڤڙ < 1$ڟړړڟ$3(k-1)$ڤڢڐ <$G$ڤړڟ$3k$ڤ$L$ڤ$(k+1)$ړڤ <$G$ړ꤭$G$$L$Ť$c$ڢ < <$A$ڤڤ$c$ړڢ$3$ڢ$G\setminus A$ <ړ$L'$$L'(v)=L(v)\setminus c(A)$ڢڗ <$c$ړ$V(G\setminus A)$$L'$Ť$G\setminus A$ڐڕڐ꤭ <줐$L'$Ťڢړ$G\setminus A$ڢړڢڤ <ړڐ䮑$A$ڍڤړ$L$Ť$G$ڐ$c$𨗤 < <꤭ڤڤ$c$ڢڐ$G^*$ڤړ <$V(G^*)=V(G)$$E(G^*)=\{uv|c(u)\not=c(v)\}$ڢړ$c$ <$L$Ť$G^*$ڐ$L$Ť$G^*$ړ$G$㗓ڐ <$G^*$$L$Ťڛ$c$ڢڗ$G^*$ <ڐړڍڟڢڤڢڗ㢐ړڢɤ <$G^*$ڤړ$r$ڢڕ$\e(\overline{G^*})=r$ڐ$r\le k-1$ $$\m(G)\le\lceil\frac{\n(G)}{3}\rceil+1.$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} < $$\m(G)\le\lfloor\log_2\n(G)\rfloor+2.$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} $$2^{k-1}+1\le N(2,k)\le\n(G')=\n(G)+1.$$ <$k\le 1+\log_2\n(G)$ړ줐ڢ$k=\m(G)-1$ړڢ < $$\e(G)\ge(k-1)\n(G)-{k\choose 2}.$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} < $$\Lambda(G)=e(G)-(\Chi(G)-1)n(G)+{\Chi(G)\choose 2},$$ <$\phi(G)$䢢ڗ(fixing number)$G$ڐړڬڥڗ <꤭$\Chi(G)=k$$F$ڤڥ$E(G\vee K_k)$ړ <$(G+K_k)\cup F$ڤړ䢢ڗ$G$ڤړ <$\phi(G)=|F|-{k\choose 2}$ڗ $$\sum_{v\in V(G)}f(v)\le n(G)+e(G).$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} $$\e(G)+{t\choose 2}+\sum_{v\in V(G)}(t-f(v))\ge >(\n(G)+t)(t-1)-{t\choose 2},$$ <ڕڐڨڐ䓑ړڤ $$\m(G)\le\lfloor\frac{\e(G)}{\n(G)}\rfloor+2.$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} $$\m(G)\le\lfloor 3-\frac{6}{n(G)}\rfloor+2\le 4,$$ >\vspace{-\baselineskip} <ڢڐ $K_{3,3,3}$, $K_{2,4,4}$, $K_{2,3,5}$, $K_{2,2,9}$, >$K_{1,2,2,2}$, $K_{1,1,2,3}$, $K_{1,1,1,2,2}$, >$K_{1*4,6}$, <$K_{1*5,5}$ڤړڥڐڢړړ